ICAK-USA
Research
The
Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in
the Collected Papers
of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2003-2004
-- Edited by
Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
ENDOMETRIOSIS: A CASE STUDY
Glen P. Alis, D.C. and Supna Alis, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a case of symptomatic
endometriosis in a female successfully treated with applied kinesiology
chiropractic care.
Clinical Features: A
25-year-old female presented with severe abdominal pain and cramping with her
menstrual cycle, especially in the lower right quadrant. She also experienced
pain with intercourse. This pain had been present for 2 months, and was rated a
10 on a pain scale of 1 to 10 (10 being worst). Her menstrual cramps had been
present since the age of 12. A medical diagnosis of endometriosis had been
given, and laproscopic surgery to remove endometrial and scar tissue were
performed. Six months after the surgery, the symptoms returned with the same
severity.
Intervention and Outcome: AK
examination revealed an open ileocecal valve, subluxations at the L3 and L5
vertebrae, and sacral misalignment. Chiropractic adjustments were made 1-2
times per week for one month. Orthostatic hypotension was found on initial
examination. A diagnosis of estrogen dominance was made. Digestive supports and
progesterone cream was given, and dietary modifications were made eliminating
white flour and sugar, coffee and colas from her diet. An exercise program was
begun to increase her strength and endurance. After one month her symptoms
decreased significantly so that she did not have to miss work due to menstrual
pain. She now feels minor bloating and discomfort with her menses but does not
need medication for relief.
Conclusion: This paper describes a method for
treatment of a patient with endometriosis. Its applicability to other patients
with this condition should be explored. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:1-2)
Key Indexing Terms: Menstruation Disturbances;
Endometriosis; Case Reports; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS: A CASE STUDY
Glen P. Alis,
D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe a
case of medial epicondylitis in a tennis player that was limiting his ability
to play due to pain. The relevance of gait testing for elbow pain is explained.
Clinical Features: A 48-year-old
male presented with right medial elbow pain of six months duration. He played
tennis 4-5 times a week, and his pain was definitely worse with his forehand
and serve. After an hour of play, the sharp pain in his medial elbow prevented
him from playing further. He received 2 cortisone shots that did not alleviate
the problem. He was taking 4 Ibuprofen per day in order to continue playing.
Intervention and Outcome: On initial
examination, Cozen’s test was positive, as was a medial ligament stress test of
the elbow. Manual muscle testing showed inhibition of the right bicep, right
supraspinatus, right pronator quadratus, left popliteus, left tibialis
posterior, and left rectus femoris, and these were treated. Subluxations of the
T8 vertebrae and the left navicular bone were corrected. A nutritional
supplement for ligament injury was given. Gait testing demonstrated improper
muscle coordination, and after AK treatment for this problem the tenderness in
the elbow was improved. The concept of ligament interlink in AK is presented,
and in this case it improved the interaction between his left knee and right
elbow. Dietary changes to improve his inflammatory response related to
hypoadrenia were made. After 7 treatments over a 6-week period the patient felt
85% improved (patient’s self-assessment), and was able to play tennis for 2
hours with only slight discomfort.
Conclusion: The value of this
method of treatment for other cases of medial epicondylitis, especially in
tennis players, should be investigated. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:3-4)
Key Indexing Terms: Tennis Elbow; Tendinitis; Case
Reports; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
FUNCTIONAL TESTS AND TREATMENTS FOR
MALE MENOPAUSE AND PENILE DYSFUNCTION
Eugene Charles,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the
male menopause and its symptomatology, and to offer methods of testing for
endocrine imbalances. The nutritional needs related to the treatment of male
menopause, prostatic hypertrophy, and penile dysfunction are described.
Data Sources: Information
was obtained from English language medical and scientific journals and
medical/physiology textbooks. 36 articles related to the subject of this paper
are listed in the references.
Methods: A review of
scientific literature regarding the vitamins, minerals, and herbs in the
treatment of sexual dysfunction, prostate health, and aging in men is given.
The review given suggests that zinc, essential fatty acids, saw palmetto,
adrenal hormones, licorice, ginseng, and nitric oxide are needed for prostate
health and adequate sexual performance. Symptom patterns and specific tests are
described that purport to identify the need for these nutrients in the
symptomatic patient. A male version of the Kegel exercises was described to
alleviate mechanical pressures on the prostate and bladder.
Conclusion: The
functional tests offered in this paper do not diagnose a disease process but
seek to identify functional problems with the pelvic and urogenital muscles,
hormones, and biochemical impairments to the organs of the reproductive system
in older males. Concurrent EMG, urological, and other diagnostic studies should
be conducted concurrently to evaluate this method of diagnosis and treatment of
male menopause, prostatic hypertrophy, and penile dysfunction. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:5-16)
Key Indexing Terms: Andropause; Impotence; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Biochemical Phenomena,
Metabolism, and Nutrition; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
OBJECTIVIZATION OF MANUAL MUSCLE
TESTING THROUGH ANALYSIS OF THE DYNAMIC FORCE SPECTRUM
Tatiana N.
Chernysheva, M.D., Vladimir I. Korenbaum, Ph.D., Tatiana P. Apukhtina
ABSTRACT
Background: To study a new
instrument designed to objectively measure manual muscle testing outcomes.
Design: To design a force
transducer EMG that measures the amplitude of low-frequency (less than 2 Hz)
effort in the tested muscle. The portable dynamic force transducer that was
used in the experimental trial was described.
Method: 8 volunteers were
recruited for testing. Therapy localization to specific reflexes was employed
during the tests. The sequence of reflex points used was unknown to the
examiner and the patient. Changes in muscle strength in the thumb and middle
finger of the same hand were tested using the instrument. The same TL sequence to
the same reflexes was then employed while testing the middle deltoid muscle
using the instrument. In this test, the upper flange of the transducer was held
by the examiner’s hand and the lower flange was put on the bend of the
patient’s arm during the middle deltoid test.
Results: When the examiner
tested the eight patients’ middle deltoid muscle after reflex stimulation,
there was a 73.7% (K2 = 0.47) agreement between the instrumental reading of an
inhibited muscle after therapy localization and the examiner’s reading. When
the instrument was used alone to measure the muscle response of the thumb and
middle finger, there was poor agreement 65.5% (K1 = 0.31).
Conclusion: In the first
measuring sequence there were several muscles involved in the test (thumb and
middle finger), whereas in the second the middle deltoid was the only muscle
tested. This study has research design and methodological problems that make
understanding or reproducing its protocols problematic. The translation from
Russian was poor. A future study should refine the framing of the research
question, improve the method of testing, describe the results more clearly, and
enlarge the number of participants. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:17-22)
Key Indexing Terms: Muscle
Weakness; Evaluation Studies; Research Design; Instrumentation; Kinesiology,
Applied
CASE STUDY: ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS AND THE DEEP TENDON
REFLEX EXAMINATON
Robert Ciprian, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A patient who
sought chiropractic care for right ankle, knee, and low back pain was also
successfully treated for eczematous dermatitis.
Clinical Features: A
28-year-old male presented with basketball injuries to his right ankle, knee,
and low back. For the past 1.5 years there was also an eczematous dermatitis
present that was being treated with a topical prescription cream without
success. The area of dermatitis and the medication prescribed were not given.
Intervention and Outcome: Standard
applied kinesiology care for a pelvic category III, category II, right lateral
tibia, right lateral talus, right inferior navicular, right superior 1st
cuneiform and right lateral cuboid were corrected. The deep tendon reflex
examination of Dr. Richard Belli was employed for residual low back pain, and
treatment to L3 (posterior left subluxation listing) improved the patient’s low
back, knee, and ankle pain. After the patients third visit, the pain in the
ankle, knee and low back were improved, and the dermatitis had disappeared.
Conclusion: This case
demonstrated that structural corrections to spinal and extremity joints
improved a patient with eczematous dermatitis. Further research on the
mechanism of this type of therapy and larger patient cohorts would be valuable
to evaluate if this system of treatment would be of benefit to larger groups of
patients with eczematous dermatitis. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:23-24)
Key Indexing Terms: Eczema;
Treatment; Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Robert Ciprian, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the
treatment of a female patient with multiple sclerosis who had been wheel chair
bound for 2 years.
Clinical Features: A
28-year-old female presented with low back pain. She was wheel chair bound.
She showed considerable atrophy of the lower extremities, and had a decreased
L4 reflex. Her toenails were discolored, brittle and flaking, and she had a
fungal infection. On consultation it was discovered that the fungal infection
began just before she started having the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Intervention and Outcome: Treatment
of a category III pelvic fault and treatment of the ileocecal valve reflexes
were employed with spinal adjustments to positive areas of challenge. Nutrients
given (using standard AK protocol) were: calcium lactate, Spanish black radish,
Zymex II, SF 722 (10-undecylenic acid from castor oil). Nutritional instruction
to remove sugar, wheat, corn, dairy, soy and fermented foods was given, and
instructions to eat whole foods were advised. After 5 months of chiropractic
care she was able to get out of her wheel chair and perform the activities of
daily living and able to go to the bathroom by herself and to stand up in the kitchen
sink to wash the dishes. Her L4 reflex was normal, she had a healthier
appearance to her toenails, her digestion was improved, her lower extremity
strength was improved (“60%,” method of determining this not given), and 90%
decrease in low back pain. Physical therapy was advised at this time to help
improve the atrophy in her lower extremities.
Conclusion: A number of
other case reports on the treatment of functional disabilities in patients with
multiple sclerosis using AK chiropractic methods are in the literature, and
this research should be expanded. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:25-26)
Key Indexing Terms: Multiple
Sclerosis; Treatment; Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY MANAGEMENT OF NOCTURNAL ENURESIS: A
CASE STUDY
Cecilia A. Duffy, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the
case of a 4-year old male who was successfully treated for nocturnal enuresis
that had been present every night of his life.
Clinical Features: This
boy had never had a dry night and would also lose bladder control while napping
during the day. He was otherwise toilet trained during waking hours.
Intervention and Outcome: The
patient was treated using applied kinesiology protocol eight times over a
5-month period. Manual muscle testing revealed a conditionally inhibited upper
trapezius that became conditionally facilitated upon oral insalivation of
Cataplex B (Standard Process Labs). The L5 and T4 vertebrae were anterior; a category
II pelvic fault and sphenobasilar inspiration assist cranial fault were
corrected. The volume of liquids the child consumed was to be recorded.
2-weeks later the child had 5 dry nights, and the daytime bedwetting was
resolved. The patient had never experienced a dry night to this point. ADH
levels were evaluated for diabetes insipidus, and were negative. Instructions
to limit water consumption to 4 ounces per hour with no water consumption after
6 p.m. were given. An adrenal supplement was given also. Bilateral foot
pronation was corrected. If the boy did not drink water after 6 p.m., the
nighttime enuresis problem remained corrected.
Conclusion: It appears
that patients with nocturnal enuresis do undergo chiropractic treatment in
practice. Consequently, this should be an area of research importance. More
clinical trials using reliable diagnostic criteria and outcome measurements are
needed.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:27-29)
Key Indexing Terms: Enuresis;
Manipulations, Spinal; Case Reports; Kinesiology, Applied
THE INTRAOSSEOUS SUBLUXATION, ASSOCIATED POINTS OF
ACUPUNCTURE, AND REDOX PROBLEMS
Daniel H. Duffy, Sr.,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of
this paper was to review the intraosseous subluxation described in applied
kinesiology methods and to suggest that this subluxation is present at the
associated points of meridians indicated by alarm point diagnosis.
Methods: A review of the
intraosseous subluxation, its examination and treatment, and its hypothesized
relationship to the cranial rhythmic impulse, the Governing Vessel and Bladder
meridians, and many other factors are discussed. A review of the author’s own
experience with measurable improvements in patients’ performance after
correction of this subluxation is given.
Results: The beneficial,
often immediately observable results from the correction of the intraosseous
subluxation was hypothesized to be related to the improvement in the function
of meridians whose alarm points are affected by the intraosseous subluxation.
Conclusion: Search for an
intraosseous subluxation at the associated point of the involved meridian was
recommended whenever acupuncture meridian imbalance is diagnosed using AK
methods. Intraosseous subluxations should be considered a potential cause of
meridian imbalances in patients. Clinical trials to evaluate this hypothesis
are needed. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:31-36)
Key Indexing Terms: Acupuncture
Points; Meridians; Clinical Protocols; Manipulation, Spinal; Kinesiology,
Applied
ACID-BASE METABOLISM: A STUDY TO EVALUATE DIFFERENT
MEASUREMENT METHODS (INCLUDING SUMMARY OF 5 CASE HISTORIES)
Hans Garten, MED,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In this study
a comparison is made of methods of acid-base measurements using the blood gas
analysis method of Astrup, urine acid titration according to Sander, lactate
measurement in venous blood, and the sensory provocation methods from applied
kinesiology. Therapy for acid-base disturbances is described.
Methods: The importance
of the acid-base physiology in the blood is discussed, and a review of the
literature on the various methods of measuring acid-base balance is given. The
signs and symptoms of acidosis and alkalosis are described. Methods for
diagnosing hyperacidic and hyperalkaline conditions in patients using applied
kinesiology sensory provocation and manual muscle testing responses are
delineated. 246 patients were part of this study, 190 of whom were patients at
the pain therapy section of the department for anesthesiology and operative
intensive care medicine of the Justus-Liebig-University in Giessen. 5 detailed
case studies and applied kinesiology evaluation and treatment are described,
and their outcomes are matched to the acid titration urinary tests of Sander.
Results: Applied
kinesiology sensory provocation testing was found to be the most consistently
effective method for evaluating the specific acid-base imbalances of patients
and the method that best enabled the physician to design a therapeutic program
to improve their acid-base balance.
Conclusion: Using
specific chiropractic and nutritional therapy it was possible in these patients
to reduce several types of metabolic stress that led to decreased acid
elimination. This was one sign of correction of acid-base imbalances.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:41-68)
Key Indexing Terms: Acid-Base
Imbalance; Acidosis; Alkalosis; Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and
Nutrition; Clinical Protocols; Urinalysis; Hematologic Tests; Kinesiology,
Applied
CASE STUDY: CHRONIC SEVERE CONSTIPATION CAUSED BY
ASYMPTOMATIC L3-4 INTERVERTEBRAL DISC SYNDROME AND CLOSED ILEOCECAL VALVE
William Maykel, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe
the applied kinesiology management of a patient who had never moved his bowels
and who had depended upon a weekly enema for his entire life.
Clinical Features: A
13-year-old boy presented who had never moved his bowels on his own since
birth. Medical x-rays were taken for diagnosis and treatment with mineral oils
had not been effective.
Intervention and Outcome:
Physical examination revealed a bilateral sprain/strain of the sacroiliac
joints, with a compression of the L3-4 intervertebral disc. The L3 vertebra was
anterior, and there was a positive challenge suggesting a closed ileocecal
valve. Palpation of the gallbladder showed tenderness, and the patient was
counseled to eat beet greens. A correlation between bilaterally weak pectoralis
clavicular muscles and hypochlorhydria was made. Intersegmental traction to the
L3-4 disc along with corrective stretching exercises were given. He was told to
increase his water-soluble fiber with papaya and apples, and told to avoid
milk, corn, soy and wheat that were found to cause muscle inhibition with oral
nutrient challenge. Correction to the lumbosacral spine and the closed
ileocecal valve, along with nutritional treatment, corrected this young boy’s
bowel pattern and by the fourth visit he was moving his bowels daily.
Conclusion: Normalization
of the lumbosacral plexus outflow to the gastrointestinal tract and
specifically the ileocecal valve is hypothesized to be the effective factor in
the treatment of a severe, life-long constipation. Many patients experience
chronic constipation that visit chiropractic offices, and so further evaluation
of this method of treatment is warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:69-70)
Key Indexing Terms: Constipation;
Ileocecal Valve; Lumbosacral Plexus; Case Reports; Manipulations, Spinal;
Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: CORRECTION OF SEVERE HIATAL HERNIA COMPLAINTS
IN A PATIENT WITH A CONGENITAL FAILURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH WITH RESULTANT
SEVERE SCOLIOSIS
William Maykel, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe
the chiropractic care of a patient medically diagnosed with Werdnig-Hoffman
disease (a spinal muscular atrophy), who had been unable to hold down food for
five months previous to chiropractic treatment, and to discuss issues
clinically relevant to this disorder.
Clinical Features: A
13-year-old male with a medical diagnosis of Werdnig-Hoffman disease (type I,
infantile) presented for chiropractic care related to a severe hiatal hernia.
The patient was wearing a body cast made out of semi-dense foam, and presented
in an electric wheelchair that he could operate with digital controls. At the
age of 18-months the child received applied kinesiology cranial treatment that
helped with his extreme weakness at the time. This allowed him to hold his head
up and start to have normal bowel movements. The child had been previously
given a prognosis of death before age 2. For 5 months prior to the treatments
in this report, he would regurgitate his food with copious amounts of liquid
upon eating just a few bites. Occasionally he could eat one meal within a
two-day period.
Intervention and Outcome: Due
to the lack of muscle development in this child, surrogate testing as developed
in applied kinesiology methods allowed for the AK evaluation of skeletal
misalignment in this boy. Bilateral sacroiliac subluxations with a right
inferior sacral base, right L3, left L4, right L5, C1 right, C2 left, C3 right
were corrected. T9-L1 were found anterior with the ribs bilaterally lateral. A
positive challenge to the diaphragm muscle was discovered. Origin-insertion
technique and muscle spindle cell technique along with related neurolymphatic
reflexes were performed to strengthen the diaphragm, abdominal, and major
pelvic muscles. The patient responded well to the interventions and was able to
swallow an entire meal without side effects. He was treated through age 18, and
graduated from college with a major in psychology and a minor in special education.
Conclusion: In the
remarkable outcome presented in this case report, there is evidence of precise
biomechanical and neurological individuality. As a result, this patient only
responds to a singular form of adjusting and may have failed to respond to
others. Apparently, this young man with type I, infantile Werdnig-Hoffman
disease was in this category. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:71-73)
Key Indexing Terms: Spinal
Muscular Atrophies of Childhood; Hernia, Hiatal; Muscle Weakness; Manipulation,
Spinal; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: CRYPTORCHIDISM CORRECTION WITH CONSERVATIVE
CHIROPRACTIC APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
William Maykel, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe
the case of an infant with a congenital right inguinal hernia and undescended
testicle (cryptorchidism) who received chiropractic treatment prior to surgery.
Clinical Features: The
parents of a nine-month old child sought a second opinion for their child
diagnosed one week earlier with a right inguinal hernia and undescended
testicle. The child was born vaginally without difficulty, although he was six
weeks premature.
Intervention and Outcome: Due
to the age of this child, surrogate testing as developed in applied kinesiology
methods allowed for evaluation of skeletal misalignment in this infant. A
bilateral sacroiliac sprain was corrected using gentle respiratory adjustments
to correct the misaligned pelvic joints. The author describes a right inferior
sacral base, right L3, left L4, right L5, C1 right, C2 left, C3 right vertebral
subluxation complex to arise with the sacroiliac sprain, and these were
corrected also. The thoracolumbar junction was also rotated at T10-12, and
corrected. These corrections were performed one week apart with complete
resolution of the cryptorchidism after the second visit.
Conclusion: There are
indications that patients suffering from cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
may benefit from a holistic chiropractic approach that not only includes examination
and care to the primary areas of complaint (e.g. inguinal hernia and
undescended testicle) but also potentially from significant pelvic subluxation
concomitants. Since surgery is the only current approach, and the applied
kinesiology method is conservative and cost-effective, further validation
studies should be undertaken due to the global increase in this condition.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:75-76)
Key Indexing Terms: Cryptorchidism;
Hernia, Inguinal; Manipulations, Spinal; Case Reports; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
THE PINEAL CRANIAL FAULT
Paul T. Sprieser,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study
investigates a hypothesized relationship between a particular cranial fault,
the pineal gland, and melatonin metabolism.
Design: Prospective case
series. 78 patients recruited from the practice of the treating clinician.
Intervention and Outcome: The patients’
tensor fascia lata muscles were tested supine, with simultaneous crossed thumb
therapy localization (TL) to the cruciate suture of the maxillary bones. In
these patients, an inhibition of the muscle was found with therapy localization
and a particular phase of respiration (inspiration or expiration) would negate
the inhibition. A particular cranial vector of correction would be sought in
these patients, the contact point being from the center of the palate with the
index finger and an open hand contact on both mastoid processes simultaneously.
The direction of correction for both hands would be the direction that caused
the greatest muscle inhibition on challenge. A figure 8 motion of the palate
hand, and a clockwise or counter clockwise motion of the hand on the occiput
for 40 seconds were needed to achieve correction. It was also found that pineal
gland and melatonin nutritional extracts would also negate the positive TL to
the cruciate suture.
Conclusion: The
results of this prospective case series indicate that this particular cranial
fault may be associated with the pineal gland and melatonin metabolism.
Specific biochemical measurements and more precisely documented outcomes from
the treatment given should be measured and described in future studies. Further
research into this method of evaluation and treatment, and into the proposed
physiology of the mechanisms involved is warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:75-76)
Key Indexing Terms: Pineal Gland; Melatonin; Case
Reports; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Kinesiology, Applied
CRITERIA FOR ACCURATE MANUAL MUSCLE
TESTING AS USED IN APPLIED KINESIOLOGY PRACTICE
Hans Boehnke,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: For years, applied
kinesiology chiropractors have used the term muscle tests as one of their most
important methods for examining patients. There are a number of descriptions of
the basic manual muscle test in AK, and this paper presents them and attempts
to delineate their differences.
Purpose: To seek a nomenclature for three
differing types of muscle tests presently in use by applied kinesiologists, and
to seek consensus in the terminology used to describe manual muscle testing
outcomes. This paper seeks to investigate the rationale behind three differing
forms of muscle testing and to present possible theories for their existence
and their clinical value. The three types of muscle testing described are:
Examiner Started Manual Muscle Testing (EsMMT), Patient Started Manual Muscle
Testing (PsMMT), and Patient Started sub-maximum Manual Muscle Testing (PsMMTsm).
The criteria used to determine manual muscle testing outcomes are described.
Discussion: While there have been no
definitive studies comparing the use of these different types of manual muscle
testing as a diagnostic and treatment modality, there have been some reported
case studies which support its value.
Conclusion:
Future research is necessary to further
understand these differing types of manual muscle testing methods that are
already partially accepted in the applied kinesiology chiropractic community.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:89-97)
Key Indexing Terms: Terminology; Muscle
Weakness; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS USING APPLIED
KINESIOLOGY METHODS IN A CASE OF LONG-TERM HEAD PAIN
Scott C.
Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A patient
presenting with constant, daily headaches for the previous 7 years that had
been increasing in severity is successfully treated with applied kinesiology
chiropractic care. The patient had numerous causative components to her
symptomatology, and the methods used to diagnose these varying factors are
described.
Clinical Features: A 56-year-old
nurse presented with constant, worsening headaches after several severe
automobile accidents. In the first one 7 years previous, she was rear-ended and
her car was thrown 70 feet forward. She heard a loud popping in her spine that
made her think she had broken her neck. For 7 ½ months after the first accident
she was unable to work or to lift her head from the pillow.
Intervention and Outcome:
Hautant’s and Freeman-Wycke’s proprioceptive tests revealed postural
embarrassment. Dramatic muscle weakness on testing was found (Grade 3 as graded
in the Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, 4th
Edition by the American Medical Association). Cranial corrections strengthened
the sternocleidomastoid and deep neck flexor muscles, removed positive
challenges to the TMJ, removed the positive ocular lock, finger-to-finger,
finger-to-nose, Hautant’s and Freeman-Wycke’s tests, and allowed for
manipulation of the patient’s occiput and cervical spine. An upper cervical
fixation, T1-T2 subluxation, treatment to the foot, and a category II pelvic
fault were corrected. At the end of the patient’s first treatment her headache
was gone. This was the first time she had felt no head pain in over 7 years.
Over the next 2 weeks the headaches stayed at the 1-2 level on the VAS, and
after 8 visits all of her symptomatology was gone.
Conclusion: This case demonstrated that
mechanical faults, especially when present for long periods, could disturb
proprioceptive signaling from the eyes, the cervical spine, and the vestibular
mechanism. Evaluation and treatment of these mechanisms were possible using AK
methods, and were successful in resolving intense symptoms relatively quickly.
Consequently, further investigation of this type of chiropractic treatment for
patients with severe, long-term head pain is warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:113-117)
Key Indexing Terms: Headache Disorders; Pain,
Intractable; Whiplash Injuries; Cranial Neuropathies; Proprioception; Case
Reports; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE ANTERIOR-INFERIOR SACRUM:
SUTHERLAND’S DEPRESSED SACRUM REVISITED
Scott Cuthbert,
D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the anatomy, etiology,
and symptoms associated with an anterior-inferior sacral subluxation and to
discuss the diagnosis and treatment of this condition using applied kinesiology
methods. A historical parallel to the importance of this sacral fault in the
writings of William Garner Sutherland, D.O. is presented.
Data Source: The following were searched
for information relevant to the anterior inferior sacral subluxation: the AK
literature, the writings of Major Bertrand DeJarnette, D.O., D.C., William
Garner Sutherland, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature.
Results: The anterior-inferior sacral
subluxation is frequently found in new mothers. Post-partum neurosis and
depression are frequently improved by correction of this sacral fault in the
literature reviewed. Production of this fault may occur traumatically with
falls onto the buttocks, or during delivery of a child when the pelvic diameter
is increased and the ligaments of the pelvis are relaxed. Mother’s in the
lithotomy position during delivery may strain the sacral base anteriorly and
inferiorly, especially when the obstetrician applies traction to the baby’s
head.
Conclusion:
A definitive diagnosis can best be made using
the clinical tests described in this paper, and conservative treatment can be
effective in treating this musculoskeletal problem of the pelvis. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:119-124)
Key Indexing Terms:
Sacrum; Sacroiliac
Joint; Pelvic Pain; Pelvic Floor; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE AND THE
GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM: THE ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLE-ORGAN-GLAND CORRELATION
Scott Cuthbert,
D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the
anatomy, etiology, and symptoms associated with the genito-urinary system and
to discuss the diagnosis and treatment of problems associated with it using
applied kinesiology methods. The consistency in AK of specific muscle dysfunction
with specific organ or gland dysfunction is described.
Data Source: The following
were searched for information relevant to the genito-urinary system and its
chiropractic evaluation and treatment: MEDLINE, the AK literature,
chiropractic, osteopathic and medical textbooks, and the Index to Chiropractic
Literature.
Results: Because of the
communication systems in the body between the nervous, circulatory, and
muscular tissues, a disturbed portion of the musculoskeletal system may impair
the function of other tissues and organs. In the paper the focus was on the
genito-urinary system and its communication with the nerves and blood vessels
of the piriformis muscle area. In AK, each of the endocrine organs has been
given specific diagnostic tests, therapeutic protocols, nutritional
correlations, and treatment monitoring methods. The endocrine organs are
controlled by the nervous system, and this is hypothesized to be the reason
chiropractic has been helpful with several endocrine-related disorders.
Conclusion: The hypothesis of
this paper is that using manual muscle testing, the physician may evaluate and
work directly with the position, motion, innervation, nutritional needs, and
tissues of the genito-urinary organs and their adjacent and supportive tissues.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:125-140)
Key Indexing Terms: Urogenital System; Urogenital
Abnormalities; Diagnosis, Differential; Musculoskeletal Manipulations;
Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE OTHER 49% OF THE 51%er
Stephen C.
Gangemi, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In applied
kinesiology manual muscle testing, a 51%er occurs when the patient therapy
localizes to one of the 5-factors of the I.V.F. and a muscle weakens. The
5-factors of the I.V.F. that may need treatment include the nerve, the blood
vascular, lymphatic, cerebrospinal fluid, and acupuncture meridian systems.
Another reason for the 51%er phenomenon is described.
Methods: The hypothesis of
this paper is that a muscle that tests strong, but weakens with TL to one of
the I.V.F. factors, weakens due to an injury that needs to be treated using
Injury Recall Technique, a method developed by Dr. Walter H. Schmitt to remove
the memory of trauma from tissues. The 51%er may also be due to a need to treat
an immune system problem first.
Results: The method of
testing for an I.R.T. related 51%er muscle is to perform autogenic facilitation
(stretching the muscle spindle cell). If the muscle does not strengthen, then
an injury is suspected and I.R.T. evaluation performed. The immune system
involvement is suspected if autogenic facilitation strengthens the muscle as it
should, yet immune system muscles are found weak or are made weak using the
visceral referred pain (VRP) challenges described by Dr. Schmitt.
Conclusion: A 51%er indicates
that the muscle should not be treated until the reason for the 51%er phenomenon
in the muscle is resolved. The reasons for the 51%er findings are hypothesized
to be injuries and/or immune issues and that should be treated first. Treating
the injuries and/or immune system involvements first will either resolve the
51%er muscle phenomenon, or resolve the muscle inhibition altogether.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:163-165)
Key Indexing Terms: Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis, Differential; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE THYMUS VISCERAL REFERRED PAIN
AREA
Stephen C.
Gangemi, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Somatovisceral
and viscerosomatic reflexes are well accepted in the research literature.
Visceral referred pain (VRP) areas on the body wall exist for most of the
organs of the body. The location of the thymus gland’s VRP is proposed.
Methods: The
neurolymphatic reflex (NL) for the thymus gland, as reported by Dr. Walter H.
Schmitt, is over the right 4th-6th ribs between the
axillary and midmamillary lines. The VRP area for the thymus is reported to be
over the right first rib area both anterior and posterior.
Results: If there is
positive TL to the NL for the thymus, then determining whether the organ needs
more sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation is determined. Muscle weakness
as a result of rubbing the VRP for the organ indicates a need for a net
parasympathetic response, and muscle weakness as a result of pinching the VRP
for the organ indicates a need for a net sympathetic response.
Conclusion: The thymus
gland, along with the spleen and the gut associated lymph tissue (GALT),
account for the majority of the immune system. A hypothesized VRP for the
thymus gland is described, and a method for evaluating the thymus gland’s
functional state is offered. Outcome studies for this method of evaluation and
treatment are necessary. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:167-168)
Key Indexing Terms: Thymus Gland; Reflex, Abnormal; Diagnosis, Differential; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
INJURY RECALL TECHNIQUE REVISITED
James D.W. Hogg,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present three
cases where the Injury Recall Technique (I.R.T.) of Dr. Walter H. Schmitt was
employed successfully.
Methods: The I.R.T.
addresses withdrawal reflex muscular imbalances that may persist in patients
long after the original injury. The protocol for diagnosis and treatment using
I.R.T. are described.
Results: A patient with a
thick, ropy, and tender to palpation scar from a cesarean section surgery
16-years previous was treated with I.R.T. 6 months later the scar was barely
palpable and no longer tender to pressure, and after treatment there was long
lasting improvement in her abdominal muscle strength. A second patient had
extensive scoliosis surgery, with a scar from T3 to L5 that produced numbness
along the length of the scar. I.R.T. treatment was given to her and the
numbness was relieved. A third patient had three corneal transplants. After the
last surgery, he had a “wrinkle” across his field of vision. I.R.T. treatment
was given to both eyes. Three weeks later the patient reported that his vision
had gone blurry a few days before for 30 minutes and then cleared. He reported
that the “wrinkle” across his visual field was gone and his eyesight was better
than it had been since the last surgery.
Conclusion: The author’s
report suggests that I.R.T. is useful when applied to poorly healed areas of
scar tissue. Patients visiting chiropractors frequently have surgical scar
tissue, and so this method of treatment warrants further investigation and
outcome studies. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:169-172)
Key Indexing Terms: Cicatrix; Pain; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
ADRENAL AND INSULIN RELATED
DISORDERS: MORE COMPLEX THAN WE THOUGHT
Datis
Kharrazian, D.C., M.S., D.A.C.B.N., C.N.S., C.C.N., C.S.C.S., C.C.S.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present
information regarding the complex web of physiological alterations that take
place with adrenal and insulin related disorders. The interactions between
insulin and cortisol and their impact on human physiology when abnormal are
described. The clinical methods of evaluating these hormonal phenomena, and a
review of the scientific literature in regard to natural compounds that help
support these patterns of imbalance are described.
Methods: 238 references
from the medical, physiological, pathological, endocrine, nutritional,
biochemical, pharmacological, and neurological scientific literature are cited
and reviewed.
Results: Due to the
complexity of insulin and cortisol related disorders a number of vicious cycles
and imbalances are created that have a major impact on human physiology. A
review of the natural compounds that improve insulin resistance and adrenal
function are given, and specific tests developed in AK and using other
biochemical assays for evaluating the functional state of the adrenal glands
and the pancreas are reviewed.
Conclusion: Insulin
resistance and blood sugar handling disorders affect 25-35% of western
populations, and contribute to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea,
hormone metabolism disorders, obesity, and certain types of cancer. This
problem is multi-factorial, and so it is naïve to think of adrenal and insulin
related problems as having a single origin and a single cure. Outcome studies
of this method of treatment using concurrent bio-chemical testing on the
patients treated would be invaluable. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:173-201)
Key Indexing Terms: Adrenal Insufficiency; Metabolic
Syndrome X; Insulin; Cortisol; Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition;
Clinical Protocols; Treatment;
Kinesiology,
Applied; Chiropractic
AN INTERESTING INTERLUDE – A CASE
STUDY
George N.
Koffeman, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the
case of a 67-year-old man who had been in a coma for 22 days following severe
head trauma. The case is described chronologically and his response to
chiropractic treatment is reported.
Methods: The doctor
visited the patient in the hospital; he had pneumonia and a tracheal tube inserted
as well as a stomach tube for feeding. A diagnosis of massive brain damage had
been given. Due to the patient’s inability to respond, his wife was tested as a
surrogate for manual muscle testing response. TL found positive contacts at the
neurovascular (NV) reflex on the left frontal bone, a stress receptor for the
supraspinatus on the left, and a cranial adjustment (described as “hemispheric”
and determined by the height of the eye sockets) was given.
Results: Within 2 minutes
of receiving this treatment, the respiratory rate fell to 19 from 33 per
minute, heart rate dropped to 89 from 128, and the rhythm became regular, where
it had been spiking every 6 to 10 beats. The next day the patient recognized
the doctor and the patient signaled to him by squeezing his left hand. The
previous day’s surrogate testing routine was now negative. A left-sided
temporal tap correction with the suggestion of complete and rapid recovery was
given to the patient. The next day the patient had made so much progress that he
was moved to a rehabilitation hospital. The patient was still completely
paralyzed on the right side – arm and leg. A NV reflex near the junction of the
sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones on the side opposite of the paralysis
was treated for over 20 minutes. At 21 minutes the patient reached up and
removed the doctor’s hand with his left hand. 15 minutes later, he bent his
right elbow and laced his fingers together with his left hand and crossed his
right leg over his left at the ankle. 15 days later the tracheal tube had been
removed, and he was eating on his own. After 2 months the patient was going to
physical therapy 2-3 times per week. He is given chiropractic treatment once
per week. His right arm still has spastic flexion paralysis and did not respond
fully.
Conclusion: Surrogate testing
is used with patients who are unable to perform manual muscle testing. In this
case, treatment determined using surrogate testing appeared to assist this
patient recover from partial paralysis and coma. Further treatments of patients
in this condition, often considered hopeless, may be warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:203-205)
Key Indexing Terms: Coma; Case Reports; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
NEUROTOXICITY AND ELEVATED
HOMOCYSTEINE: THE ROLES PLAYED BY HOMOCYSTEIC ACID, ASPARTATE AND GLUTAMATE AND
ACTIVATED FORMS OF FOLIC ACID, VITAMIN B-12, AND VITAMIN B-6
Walter H.
Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Background: High concentrations
of homocysteine
and homocysteic acid (a neurotoxin) and low concentrations of
nutrients necessary for its conversion are frequently observed in subjects
with neurological symptoms.
Objective: To describe
applied kinesiology methods for diagnosing imbalances in homocysteine levels,
and to offer methods for treatment.
Methods: In patients with
neurological problems related to elevated homocysteine levels, patients were
found to have muscle inhibitions following oral insalivation of homocysteine.
The metabolism of homocysteine is described, as well as the nutrients necessary
for the conversion of homocysteine into amino acids. The procedure for
diagnosis and treatment of these factors is described.
Results: The three-pronged approach of nutritional
supplementation, neurotoxic substance elimination, and the use of Visceral
Challenge Technique help return difficult patients to normal function. The VCT
was described in a previous paper for the ICAK, 1999-2000;1:141-148.
Conclusion: The author warns that patients with
neurological symptoms related to elevated homocysteine/homocysteic acid are
sensitive to aspartame and glutamate. Avoidance of these substances, for these
patients, is necessary for full recovery. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:211-215)
Key Indexing Terms: Homocysteine;
Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Biochemical Phenomena,
Metabolism, and Nutrition; Clinical Protocols; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE SOMATIC WINDOW ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION – PART 2.
INDUCING PATTERNS OF OVER FACILITATION TO EVALUATE CORTICAL HEMISPHERIC
DOMINANCE PATTERNS
Walther H. Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To outline
procedures for assessment and treatment of cerebral cortical hemispheric
imbalances. The author, a diplomate chiropractic neurologist, describes the
neurological, somatic, and muscle testing consequences of cortical hemispheric
imbalances.
Methods: The assessment
of cortical functional status may be assessed by Weber’s test, comparing
passive range of motion right to left, right to left pupillary light response,
and many other autonomic assessments. Right cortex challenges are inducing
right brain activity (humming/music); right nostril olfaction; meaningful left
distal extremity movement; left visual field stimulation (eyelights). Left
cortex challenges are inducing left brain activity (counting/math); left
nostril olfaction; meaningful right distal extremity movement; right visual
field stimulation (eyelights). After the cortex challenge, manual muscle tests
are performed to assess the functional neurological state of the cortex.
Results: The side of hemispheric dominance will
demonstrate increased muscle tone on the same side (demonstrated by failure of
autogenic inhibition to the muscle, as described by Richard Belli, D.C.). Right
sided cortex dominance will produce an open ileocecal valve finding (also
increased parasympathetic function on the right); and left sided cortex
dominance will produce an open Houston Valve finding (also increased
parasympathetic function on the left).
Conclusion: The integration of applied kinesiology
principles with the principles of chiropractic neurology may help the physician
to get a more complete view of a patient’s cortical neurological status. In so
doing, these therapies are suggested to help the patient achieve their optimal
improvement in neuron metabolic function, and to overcome the problems created
by cortical hemispheric dominance. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:217-226)
Key Indexing Terms: Dominance, Cerebral; Autonomic
Nervous System; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Clinical Protocols; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE SOMATIC WINDOW ON NEUROLOGICAL
FUNCTION – PART 3. ENCEPHALIC TRANSNEURAL DEGENERATION: THE CAUSE OF MANY TMJ
PROBLEMS AND BILATERAL JOINT PROBLEMS
Walter H.
Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the
concepts of transneural degeneration (TND). Assessment and treatment procedures
for this problem are outlined. The paper primarily focuses on the clinical
effects of TND that arise from the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal
nerve and the parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem. The neuroanatomy of the
mesencephalon is reviewed.
Methods: TND is an
established metabolic phenomenon that affects many motor functions that are
commonly identified by AK MMT procedures. TND is associated with the metabolic
effects on neurons when they no longer receive adequate stimulation of their
cell membrane receptors to keep the neurons metabolically healthy, such as
occurs in cases of deafferentation.
Results: Restoration of
TND neurons to normal metabolism depends on supplying the neurons with: 1)
oxygen, 2) fuel (glucose and substances necessary for its oxidative
phosphorylation), and 3) stimulation. Since the TMJ significantly relates with
the mesencephalon, AK challenges to the TMJ are suggested to evaluate
mesencephalon status. If TL to the TMJ is positive, and the TL is negated by a)
slow stretch of the contralateral distal flexors, b) ipsilateral cortical
activity, c) contralateral hemifield stimulation, d) oxygen, or e)
mesencephalon homeopathic supplement, then mesencephalon treatment for TND is
initiated. Treatment involves a) slowly stretching the patients contralateral
distal flexors (toes and ankle, fingers and wrist), b) patient performs
ipsilateral cortex activity (humming, math), c) perform contralateral hemifield
stimulation (Eyelights), d) patient is instructed to move the TMJ through all
ROMs. Following mesencephalic rehabilitation procedure, recheck challenge
procedure.
Conclusion: A disturbed mesencephalon due to TND
explains many TMJ symptoms that are often bilateral in nature, with
mental/emotional sequelae autonomic in nature, and related to difficult
stomatognathic symptoms. Outcome studies of this treatment method are warranted
considering the neurological importance of the areas discussed in this paper.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:227-233)
Key Indexing Terms: Spinocerebellar Degenerations;
Neuron Degeneration; Mesencephalon; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
REOCCURRING PITCH PATTERN AND THE
FRONTAL FAULT
Paul T. Sprieser,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the
hypothesis that the PRY-T distortion pattern will recur in some cases until a
subtle frontal bone cranial fault correction is made that the author reports
will eliminate the recurrence.
Methods: This study is a
retrospective analysis of 25 cases that had recurring PRY-T distortions. The
PRY-T is an AK examination technique of the major body modules and their
ability neurologically to function individually and together. It is an acronym
derived from an airplane’s attitudes: pitch, roll, yaw, and tilt. In these
cases, the author searched for faults that still remained in these patients and
found that a subtle cranial fault of the frontal bone was present, using the Eye
Into Distortion method of testing. When the pitch pattern was discovered, the
doctor had the patient TL the involved side of the frontal bone. This negated
the positive pitch test, and suggested to the author the connection between
PRY-T and frontal cranial faults.
Results: The author has
found that recurring modular distortions in patients, diagnosed using the PRY-T
method in AK, frequently correlated with frontal cranial faults and that once
the cranial fault was corrected, recurrence of the PRY-T was eliminated.
Conclusion: The presence of a subtle frontal bone
cranial fault in patients with recurring PRY-T modular distortions was
reported. Correction of the frontal bone cranial fault improved the treatment
outcomes for these patients. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:235-236)
Key Indexing Terms: Musculoskeletal Abnormalities;
Clinical Protocols; Diagnosis; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
SUPRASPINATUS MUSCLE AS AN INDICATOR OF BRAIN SEROTONIN
LEVELS
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the hypothesis that the
supraspinatus muscle may be inhibited bilaterally in patients with low
serotonin levels and depression, general anxiety syndrome, obsessive-compulsive
disorders, and phobias. Patients taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
like Prozac may have this physical finding also. A discussion of the
biochemistry of serotonin and its function in the brain is presented.
Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of
226 patients, 132 females and 94 males. The patients were asked to bring the
medication that they had been prescribed for their psychological problems that
included Zoloft, Wellbutrin, Paxil, Prozac, Effexor, Remeron, Elavil,
Norpramin, Depakote, and Tofranil. The author also tested St. John’s Wart and
SAMe.
Results: The author found the supraspinatus muscle to be inhibited
bilaterally in each of the patients. The muscle was found to strengthen when
the proper medication or alternative therapy was put in the patient’s mouth.
The method of assuring whether the supplement, therapy, or medication was the
“proper therapy,” and whether the psychological condition was ameliorated, were
not described.
Conclusion: In this study using the supraspinatus muscle
on a select population, a correlation was established between bilateral
weakness of this muscle and patients with a clinical profile of depression and
low serotonin levels. There was no definite correlation in this study between
changes in these patients’ supraspinatus muscle function and professional
psychological testing to demonstrate their improved psychological state. This
test may offer mental health practitioners another objective tool to measure
their progress with treating patients with mental disorders. Further study of
this clinical information is needed to identify the clinical relevance of this
finding.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:237-239)
Key Indexing Terms: Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors;
Depression; Case Reports; Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
