ICAK-USA
Research
The
Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in
the Collected Papers
of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2002-2003
-- Edited by
Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
ARTHRITIS - A CASE STUDY
John Erdmann, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a case of symptomatic arthritis
of the left hip and knee in a male successfully treated with applied
kinesiology chiropractic care.
Clinical Features: This
patient had experienced gout one year previous, and was taking two blood
pressure medications, a herpes medication as needed, and
glucosamine-chondroitin supplements. A symptom survey form was completed and
found cardiovascular and parasympathetic areas to be primary. The method for determining
this, or a discussion about the symptom survey’s validity as a measurement
tool, is not described. An acoustic Cardio Graph showed a depressed S1 sound in
all valves, and a decreased separation of the heart sounds at the aortic valve.
Another observation, “liver and adrenal stress predominant in the mitral valve
area” was not explained. A positive Ragland’s sign, and an acidic urinary and
oral pH were present, as well as a positive zinc tally test.
Intervention and Outcome: The
patient was adjusted on three visits in a two-week period focusing on spinal
fixations. Kidney meridian acupressure
and vitamin A supplementation was given. Chiropractic adjustments were given to
the occiput, C1, L3 and sacrum, including Category I and II pelvic blocking. Cardio-Plus
(S.P.), HCl acid, and zinc supplementation were also dispensed to the patient.
Patient was restricted from eating corn as identified by a supraspinatus muscle
weakening to lingual tasting of corn. On the second visit, the patient reported
slight improvement. After three visits, the patient had no arthritic pain in
his knees and hips. 3 weeks later the patient showed significant improvements
on the Acoustic Cardio Graph and the patient remained symptomatic.
Conclusion: Because applied kinesiology treats the
entire person, the discovery of the precise mechanism of clinical improvement
in a case like this one is difficult. However, there are many simultaneous
physiological problems occurring in our patients, and it may be that treatment
of all of these are required to restore the patient to full function.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:15-16)
Key Indexing Terms: Arthritis; Knee; Hip; Case Reports; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
LOW ENERGY - A CASE STUDY
John Erdmann,
D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a
patient presenting with numerous symptoms including low energy, shoulder, knee
and heel pain.
Clinical Features: This 36-year-old
male had asthma since childhood, flat feet, and is lactose intolerant. A
symptom survey form found environmental and food sensitivity, B vitamin need,
and adrenal dysfunction. An Acoustic Cardio Graph discovered aortic and mitral
valve agitation associated with allergy and “adrenal spikes,” indicating possible
cortisol imbalance. Ocular lock testing was positive, with positive TL to the
atlas vertebra.
Intervention and Outcome: The patient was
adjusted 9 times. The right acromio-clavicular joint was adjusted, the proximal
ulnar and lunate bones also. Both feet were adjusted, with fascial flush and
spindle cell techniques to the plantar fascia. The feet were taped after
adjustment and the patient was instructed to tape his feet for the following 2
weeks. Nutritional support to the adrenal glands was given. He was instructed
to avoid dairy, sugar, bread, and drink more water. By the 3rd visit
the patient had no knee or heel pain. On the 8th visit, the patient
remained free of pain with increased energy.
Conclusion: Because applied
kinesiology treats the entire person, the discovery of the precise mechanism of
clinical improvement in a case like this one is difficult. However, there are
many simultaneous physiological problems occurring in our patients, and it may
be that treatment of all of these are required to restore the patient to full
function. The use of the “standard symptom survey form” and the Acoustic Cardio
Graph in patient evaluation and treatment should receive further research since
they were helpful in the case described here. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:17-18)
Key Indexing Terms: Abnormalities, Multiple; Case Reports; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
HIDDEN SUBLUXATIONS
George N.
Koffeman, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe a
method of discovering subluxations that remain in the patient after all major
corrections have been made.
Clinical Features: Using a
DeJarnette (the founder of Sacro-Occipital Technique) occipital and upper
trapezius chart, a method of therapy localization was devised to discover
subluxations that, in the author’s experience, eliminated the subjective
complaints patients sometimes have after major spinal corrections.
Intervention and Outcome: When a patient
complains of a persisting pain after treatment, the author advises palpation of
the upper trapezius and occipital fibers described in S.O.T. Where tenderness
is elicited, the patient is asked to TL this point. If it weakens, the doctors
challenges from coccyx to the occiput to find the area that abolishes the TL
weakness. Correction of the subluxation found will abolish positive TL to the
occipital or trapezius fiber. According to the author, this removes persisting
pains in the patient by discovering and correcting remaining subluxations.
Conclusion: This system of
analysis and treatment should be evaluated with outcome studies and other
objective measurements of response to the treatment outlined here. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:23-24)
Key Indexing Terms: Clinical Protocols; Manipulation, Spinal; Kinesiology, Applied
COMMENTS ON UTILIZING SOME OF THE CONCEPTS OF JANDA
David Leaf, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the
applied kinesiology application of one of the findings of Vladimir Janda in his
book “Muscles as a Pathogenic Factor in Back Pain.”
Clinical Features: Weakness
of the flexor and/or extensor hallucis muscles of the foot can produce a short
stride and a failure of the patient to toe-off during the gait cycle. According
to Janda, a kinematic chain of muscles will be short or hypertonic as a result
of mechanical problems. This can be demonstrated using AK MMT methods. This
foot problem may produce hypertonicity of the gastrocnemius, hamstrings, thigh
adductors, rectus femoris, iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, some of the trunk
extensors, especially in the upper lumbar and neck region, quadratus lumborum,
the sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis major, the upper part of the
trapezius, levator scapulae, and flexors of the upper extremity.
Intervention and Outcome: Correction
of the weak foot muscles, followed by proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
(PNF) activity to normalize and repattern the ankle and foot produces reflex
normalization of the above muscles with resultant increased range of motion.
Common foot problems causing the failure of normal great toe function include a
posterior calcaneus, anterior talus, and separation of the tibia and fibula
both proximally and distally.
Conclusion: The importance
of foot evaluation and treatment for total body treatment is an important
concept in applied kinesiology therapy, and is confirmed by some of the
findings of Vladimir Janda. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:25-26)
Key Indexing Terms: Foot Injuries; Muscle Hypertonia; Muscle Hypotonia; Gait; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE CHANGE OF THE ASYMMETRY OF RESTING CALCANEAL STANCE
POSITION BY APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
Seung Won Lee, M.D.,
Ph.D., D.C., Je Woon Lee, M.D., Francis I. Park, D.P.M.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To demonstrate
the correction of asymmetry of the resting calcaneal stance position (RCSP) by
the intervention of applied kinesiology.
Clinical Features: A
multidisciplinary clinic of AK, podiatry, and orthopedics selected 40 patients
(11 males, 29 females) with RCSP asymmetries of more than 3 degrees who also
had low back, pelvic, and lower extremity symptoms. Any patient with
significant pathology that might contribute to RCSP problems was excluded from
this study.
Intervention and Outcome: AK
methods were used to treat the problems found including correction of muscles
and joints of the spine, cranium, pelvis and lower limb, and gait problems. For
the 40 patients, the mean asymmetry in the RCSP was 4.45 degrees. After AK
treatment for 2 weeks there was an average change in RCSP of 1.62 degrees. It
was found that patients who did not have significant change in RCSP after AK
treatment had structural asymmetry that should be treated with the prescription
of orthotic support.
Conclusion: AK has
traditionally held that leg length inequality may produce, on the long leg
side, foot pronation, internal tibial rotation, medial knee joint degenerative
changes, medial rotation of the pelvis, iliopsoas tightness, piriformis
tightness with sciatic impingement, etc. AK intervention may be beneficial not
only for the structural asymmetry of the foot but also for some of the
functional consequences that may be occurring as a result of this foot problem
in some patients. This precise, elegant study should be repeated with a larger
patient population and a control group for outcome comparisons. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:27-32)
Key Indexing Terms: Foot
Deformities, Congenital; Foot Diseases; Evaluation Studies; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
MIGRAINE HEADACHES AND FOOD SENSITIVITIES - A CASE HISTORY
Robert A. Ozelio, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a
patient with migraine headaches successfully treated with the identification
and elimination of food sensitivities using applied kinesiology chiropractic
care.
Clinical Features: A
30-year-old male presents with intermittent and unpredictable migraine
headaches. The patient also had non-migraine headaches several times a week.
The patient completed a diet log for 7 days and he consumed a large quantity of
dairy and wheat.
Intervention and Outcome: Muscular,
cranial, and spinal manipulative therapy was employed following AK methods. AK
methods to identify food sensitivities were also employed. The suspected food
that was irritating the patient was placed in his mouth, and if a strong muscle
weakened, the patient was considered to be potentially sensitive to that food. The
patient proved to be sensitive to dairy and wheat. Removing these from his diet
made some improvement for his headaches. He also consumed olive oil every day,
and he was tested and found sensitive to olive oil, an unusual finding in the
population. His headaches stopped completely after eliminating the olive oil.
Other oils, such as butter, coconut butter and other fats were used instead.
Conclusion: In this
patient, it was important to check for food sensitivity. The patient proved to
be sensitive to a food item that is not usually written about in textbooks. The
author suggests that doctors keep an open mind when evaluating food
sensitivities, as this may be necessary to achieve success. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:35-36)
Key Indexing Terms: Migraine;
Tension Headache; Food Hypersensitivity; Food Analysis; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
NEW TOOL FOR DX & TX OF SWITCHING
Jose Palomar Lever, M.D.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a
new method of diagnosis for the problem called “switching” in applied
kinesiology, and a case series report is presented on 200 random patients using
this method.
Clinical Features: Switching
(also called neurologic disorganization) is of particular concern in the
examination of patients because when switching is present, erroneous
information may be derived from various testing procedures. A review of the
standard AK methods for determining if a person is neurologically disorganized
is presented. The method presented by the author does not require TL to points
on the body, which prevents false-positive or false-negative test results due
to the presence of other physical problems in the area of TL.
Intervention and Outcome: Using
the principles developed in the “Brain Gym Handbook,” the author presents two
images to the patient. The images are either two parallel lines, or two crossed
lines in the shape of an X. 200 patients with positive TL to K-27 were also
evaluated using this method. 164 of these patients had unpredictable muscle
responses to testing. The character of these unpredictable findings was not
described. These same 164 patients with positive TL to K-27 and unpredictable
muscle responses on testing also showed a positive “X” and “ll” test, meaning that
a previously strong indicator muscle remains strong after viewing the “ll”
image and/or becomes weak with “X.”
Conclusion: Treatment is
directed toward the factor that corrects the positive visual test. Correcting
neurological disorganization makes manual muscle testing outcomes more
predictable, thereby improving accurate diagnosis and treatment. The
relationship of this method of diagnosis and treatment to specific patient
morbidity and dysfunction will require further research. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:37-40)
Key Indexing Terms: Diagnostic
Techniques, Neurological; Evaluation Studies; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: ILEOCECAL VALVE AND HIDDEN CERVICAL DISC
Bruce Shin, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a
case of low back pain with sciatica with no history of trauma, except a recent
bump of the patient’s head against a wall.
Clinical Features: A
55-year-old female complains of sudden onset of low back pain and sciatica.
Normal lumbar ROM was noted, but with stiffness; Kemp’s sign was negative, but
the straight leg raise test was positive on the right due to tight hamstrings.
During AK examination,
diagnosis of an open ileocecal valve and a hidden cervical disc were made. A
few days prior to the onset of the back pain the patient had a night of
abnormal alcohol intake and nuts at a bar.
Intervention and Outcome: Chapman’s
reflexes for the open ICV were stimulated at upper 3” of the right arm,
posterior lamina of C3, inferior to the right ASIS, the Bennett’s neurovascular
reflex for the ICV between the ASIS and umbilicus. The Luo points at KI-5 on
the right and BL 58 on the left were stimulated. Vertebral subluxations of C5
and L1 were challenged and adjusted accordingly. Due to the bump on her head a
few days prior to the low back pain onset, the ICV stress receptors were
challenged and adjusted. A hidden cervical disc was located at the level of C3,
and adjusted. This correction relieved the calf pain almost instantly. All of
the originally weak muscles found on examination were now strong.
Conclusion: In some
patients, biochemical disturbances may be seriously affecting the structural
components in the body. Subluxations and other tissue aberrancies found in AK examination
may disrupt the biochemistry of the body and may also cause subluxations to
recur. A thorough, whole-body examination may be needed to adequately correct
cases with low back pain and sciatica. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:41-42)
Key Indexing Terms: Low
Back Pain; Sciatica; Ileocecal Valve; Intervertebral Disc Displacement;
Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: SHOULDER PAIN AND THE 24-HOUR CLOCK
Bruce Shin, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the
benefits of examining the meridian system of traditional Chinese medicine for a
case of shoulder pain.
Clinical Features: A
40-year-old female presents with right shoulder pain of a few weeks duration.
No trauma to the shoulder was revealed in the patient’s history. Movement of
the shoulder produced a mild “boring” pain. The drop arm test, shoulder
apprehension, and Wright’s test were all negative. The only muscle weakness was
in the subscapularis on the right. Pulse point TL diagnosis was positive at the
left distal pulse point. Correlating muscles of the small intestine and heart
were tested, showing only a weak right subscapularis. The alarm point for the
heart did not strengthen the muscle.
Intervention and Outcome: The
examiner went backwards on the 24-hour clock, classically described in
traditional Chinese medicine, to the lung alarm point, which strengthened the
weak subscapularis muscle. T3 was challenged and corrected. LI-6, the Luo
point, was stimulated to balance the flow of energy. The patient’s shoulder
pain was resolved by the end of treatment.
Conclusion: The author
points out that symptoms anywhere in the body may be connected to the meridian
system. Meridians carry energy from one meridian to the next every 2 hours. If
there is a blockage in the energy to prevent proper flow, symptoms can occur.
Pulse point diagnosis is recommended as a part of the regular AK diagnostic
workup of every patient. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:43-44)
Key Indexing Terms: Medicine,
Chinese Traditional; Shoulder Pain; Meridians; Acupuncture Therapy; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
A NEW EPIDEMIC OF KNEE INJURIES: A.C.L. IN WOMEN ATHLETES
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C.,
B.S., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present
information on the increase in anterior cruciate ligament knee injuries in
women, and to present additional information about some of the overlooked
causes and treatment methods for this sometimes devastating injury.
Clinical Features: Research
literature is reviewed, and some of the causative factors in women are listed:
wider hips, hormonal changes at certain times of the menstrual cycle, the
smaller size of the A.C.L. and of the notch through which it connects to the
femur in the upper leg. Women also begin to play sports at a later age, tend to
land in a more upright position than men when jumping, with their knees turned
more inwardly. When jumping and cutting, women depend more on the quadriceps
muscles which pulls the shinbone forward and tightens the anterior cruciate
ligament, while men rely more on their hamstrings which provide more backward
draw and pressure on the posterior cruciate ligament. Muscular factors that
control the angle of pull into the knee joint complex during activity are
described. The importance of balance in the vastus medialis and vastus
lateralis muscles for proper patella tracking is cited as critical factors in
balanced function of the knee. The balance of the divisions of the hamstrings
is also of great importance in this problem. The sartorius and gracilis,
popliteus, tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus muscles are also reviewed in
relationship to this problem.
Intervention and Outcome: Several
particular tests developed in AK are invaluable in correcting injuries to the
knee. These are: reactive muscles, ligament stretch reactions, repeated muscle
activation patient induced problems, contributing foot problems, category 2
pelvic faults, TMJ dysfunction that is often related to the category 2 pelvic
fault, and cranial faults that can lead to muscular weakness with respiration.
Conclusion: Using
traditional orthopedic and AK diagnosis and treatment methods for A.C.L.
injuries and for their prevention increase the success for physicians who treat
this problem. It is suggested by the author that treatment of athletic women
using these methods would greatly reduce the likelihood of A.C.L. tears.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:45-49)
Key Indexing Terms: Anterior
Cruciate Ligament; Knee Injuries; Diagnosis, Differential; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
ADOLESCENT CASE STUDY: APPLIED KINESIOLOGY AS AN
ADJUNCTIVE PROTOCOL IN AN ACUTE CERVICODORSAL SPRAIN/STRAIN (SHEARING) INJURY
Juli Tooley, D.C.,
D.I.C.C.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe
the case of a young female with a sprain-strain injury that produced acute left
neck, shoulder, and arm pain.
Clinical Features: An
11-year-old female was pushed off a fire hydrant the previous day. She caught
her fall on an adjacent fence that created a strain in her left shoulder and
left neck. On examination, left cervical rotation was very painful and limited,
and left shoulder abduction was slightly limited. All the muscles of her neck
and left shoulder were facilitated, except for the levator scapula. A
strengthening effect occurred with TL to the insertion of the Golgi tendon
organ and the insertion of the muscle. Oral nutrient testing of a supplement
for ligament support produced strengthening of the muscle also. When the
patient was asked to visualize the event and the boy who pushed her off the
fire hydrant, a previously strong indicator muscle became inhibited.
Intervention and Outcome: Chiropractic
manipulative therapy was given to the 6th cervical, 12th
thoracic, and 5th lumbar vertebrae. Origin/insertion technique was
applied to the insertion of the left levator scapula (i.e. approximating the
origin and insertion). The Golgi tendon organ of the left levator scapula was
corrected by directing pressure toward the belly of the muscle. The emotional
neurovascular reflexes were contacted and the patient asked to “picture” the
incident and the boy who pushed her until an equal pulse was felt under the
author’s fingertips. The patient was given a nutritional support for ligament
injury. Immediately following the origin/insertion and GTO technique to the
left levator scapula muscle and adjustment of the 6th cervical
vertebrae, the patient could actively rotate her head equally in both
directions, and the pain was gone with full range of motion in the arm and
shoulder restored.
Conclusion: Whole body
treatment involving the structural, chemical, and emotional components
affecting a patient may sometimes be needed. The author argues that AK allows
the physician to diagnose the need for such treatment, supply the treatment,
and observe whether or not the results of treatment have been effective in
solving the patient’s problem. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:51-54)
Key Indexing Terms: Sprains
and Strains; Shoulder; Neck; Diagnosis, Differential; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
“BASIC AK” APPLIED TO AN EXISTING PATIENT: PULSE POINTS
UNCOVER “THE WEAKEST LINK” CASE STUDY
Juli Tooley, D.C.,
D.I.C.C.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the
case of a female with back pain and left thumb pain that was successfully
treated in one visit using AK meridian therapy procedures.
Clinical Features: A
52-year-old female with left dorsolumbar and thumb pain presented with no
history of trauma (back pain rated at 7-8, and thumb pain 4-5 on a 1-10 scale).
The patient has a severe S-type scoliosis that developed in early childhood and
has been under chiropractic care for most of her life. Pulse point diagnosis
was employed to locate her primary deficient meridian. In AK, there are 6
traditional pulse points that TL on each wrist, 3 superficial and three deep.
The scanning of pulse points utilizing MMT and TL ascertains which meridian is
currently the patient’s weakest link and directs treatment toward improving
this factor. The active pulse point in this case was the kidney and bladder
meridians. Muscles related to these meridians - tibialis anterior for the
bladder and psoas for the kidney - were tested. The psoas was found inhibited
on the left, and TL to the left kidney alarm point caused the left psoas to
become strong.
Intervention and Outcome: The
tonification point for the kidney meridian (KI7) was stimulated for 15-20
seconds using a low frequency infrared laser. The associated point for the
kidney on the spine at the L2/L3 level was found subluxated and corrected with
a chiropractic adjustment. The extraspinal articulation closest to the
tonification point for the kidney on the left ankle showed a subluxation of the
talus, which was adjusted. The left psoas muscle tested strong after this
treatment. The patient experienced an immediate increase in dorsolumbar ROM and
a marked decrease in pain that was now a 0 or 1 on the 1-10 scale.
Conclusion: This case
demonstrated that using AK methods of MMT, TL, and pulse point diagnosis could
help diagnose the cause of a patient’s discomfort and impaired function.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:55-58)
Key Indexing Terms: Back
Pain; Acupuncture Therapy; Diagnosis; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY TO DIAGNOSE AND TREAT A CASE OF
CHRONIC LOW BACK PROBLEMS: CASE STUDY
John K. Wittle, B.S.N.,
D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a
case of chronic low back pain following an injury in 1975 that was successfully
ameliorated using AK therapy.
Clinical Features: A male
patient was injured playing basketball in 1975, and was put in traction at that
time. Since then he has experienced episodes of acute low back spasm caused by
very slight movements: in the presentation described here, bending over to plug
a cord into his laptop computer produced his acute low back pain, with a left
antalgic lean and abnormal gait.
Intervention and Outcome: A
right lateral L5 disc correction (diagnosed using AK MMT methods), as well as a
T7 and left occiput subluxation corrections were made. Reflex treatment and
muscle work were performed for the psoas muscles and the right multifidus. Oral
nutrient testing showed a need of nutrients for an inflammatory problem and
disc support with additional selenium. Patient was seen one-week later
reporting improvements. “This was the quickest resolve I’ve ever had.” The L5
disc was adjusted again as well as a category II pelvic fault. The following
week the patient showed no disc involvement and continued improvement. He was
seen 4 additional times in a 5-month period dealing primarily with category II
faults. He reported feeling great with only occasional discomfort even with
stress.
Conclusion: With the use
of AK as a diagnostic method, the patient has experienced the most beneficial
results in the 25 years since his original injury. The use of AK in cases of
low back injury as a result of trauma may result in improved treatment outcomes
for the chiropractic physician. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:65-66)
Key Indexing Terms: Low
Back Pain; Intervertebral Disc Displacement; Case Reports; Diagnosis;
Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
REVIEW OF THE AK MUSCLE TESTING PROCESS
Donald C. Baker, D.C.,
N.M.D.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This paper
reviews several basic aspects of AK MMT processes, related scientific studies,
basic definitions and terminology relating to MMT.
Clinical Features: Three
types of MMT are occasionally described in the AK literature. Type 1 testing is
when the physician begins the test and the patient resists this force. In Type
2 testing, the patient comes to a maximum contraction at which time the
physician adds additional force. In Type 3 testing the patient is not allowed
to come to maximum force; before he does so, the physician applies additional
force attempting to move the muscle into eccentric contraction. Graphical representations
of these three types of tests are presented, and a mathematical model of the
three types of MMT is described.
Intervention and Outcome: Mathematically
or graphically, what is being measured during a MMT is the differential of
force with respect to displacement. A differential of force with respect to
displacement would be the slope of the curve of force versus displacement on a
graph that measured the muscle test. If the muscle “locks” there would be
little change in displacement for a relatively large change in force. The
quality being measured during an AK MMT is a dynamic curve of neuromuscular
function; it is not a static value such as the muscle’s absolute contractile
strength.
Conclusion: Goodheart,
Walther, Gerz, Schmitt, Maffetone, and many others have noted that speaking of
“muscle strength” alone does not characterize all the variables of an AK MMT.
Further, attempts to objectify AK MMT results with instruments that simply
measure muscle strength have met with limited success. The reason appears to be
that you cannot evaluate a dynamic process (e.g. dF/dx, the rate of change of
force with respect to displacement) with a single static measurement like that
produced by a force transducer. Guyton states that the contractile strength of
a muscle is a single value not descriptive of a dynamic process. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:69-74)
Key Indexing Terms: Myography;
Review Literature; Terminology; Research Design; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
EXCESS TISSUE ACIDITY CO-EXISTING WITH REDUCED PARIETAL
CELL HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION
Donald C. Baker, D.C.,
N.M.D.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This paper
considers whether excess tissue acidity and hypochlorhydria may co-exist. AK
clinical procedures to diagnose and treat this functional pattern are
described.
Clinical Features: Aldosterone
deficiency is one possible cause of mild tissue acidosis. The function of
aldosterone is the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium by the
kidneys. A secondary function of aldosterone is the secretion of hydrogen ions
by the kidney tubules. The reduced section of hydrogen ions in cases of
aldosterone deficiency (caused by adrenal stress disorders) may reduce the
secretory action of the parietal cells in the stomach. Receptors for
aldosterone have been found in the stomach. The relationship between adrenal
function and the stomach based on the work of Hans Selye is described. A
hypothesis linking aldosterone disturbances to lowered hydrochloric acid levels
and excess acidity in the extracellular fluids of the body is made.
Intervention and Outcome: In
clinical practice this may mean that there are situations where the patient
should be advised to reduce tissue acidity (by recommending alkaline ash diet,
supplementation with alkaline ash minerals, etc.), and at the same time the
patient may need supplementation with hydrochloric acid with meals in order to
assist gastric function.
Conclusion: It is
proposed in this paper that a finding of excess tissue acidity does not rule
out hypochlorhydria, or vice versa. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:75-78)
Key Indexing Terms: Achlorhydria;
Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion
Concentration; Buffers; Diagnosis; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY AND DOWN SYNDROME: A STUDY OF TWELVE
CASES
Scott C. Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A case-series of 12
children with Down syndrome is presented. This study describes these
children’s histories, their clinical findings, and their evaluation and
treatment using applied kinesiology methods.
Clinical Features: Down
syndrome is the most common readily identifiable cause of intellectual
disability, accounting for almost one-third of all cases. It occurs equally in
all races with an overall incidence of approximately 1 in 800 births.
Congenital heart disease affects 40% of these babies. Severe congenital heart
disease remains a major killer of children with Down syndrome, despite advances
in surgical treatment. In the absence of a congenital heart defect, the
majority of patients can expect to live into their sixth decade. Up to 15% of
children with Down syndrome will have radiological evidence of instability of
the atlanto-axial joint, but in only a handful of cases will this instability
result in an impingement of the spinal cord with resultant neurological signs.
It occurs equally in all races with an overall incidence of approximately 1 in
800 births; approximately 4,000 children with Down syndrome are born each year.
Children with Down syndrome will be
developmentally slower than their siblings and peers and have intellectual
functioning in the moderately disabled range, but the range is enormous and the
distance from their peers is the crucial factor. This is why the author argues
that chiropractic therapeutics can make a profound difference.
Intervention and Outcome: Following
applied kinesiology spinal and cranial bone treatment these children’s ability
to move, to crawl, to breathe through breathe through the nose, to use their
hands and feet together and their tongue with improved fine motor skills showed
significant improvement.
Conclusion: Further
studies into applied kinesiology and cranial bone manipulative treatments for
Down syndrome are indicated to evaluate whether this case study can be
representative of a group of patients who might benefit from this care.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:83-94)
Key Indexing Terms: Down
Syndrome; Child; Outcome Assessment (Health Care); Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY AND THE MYOFASCIA
Scott C. Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe
the importance of myofascial dysfunction to human function, and to present the
AK methods of evaluation and treatment of myofascial dysfunction.
Clinical Features: A
major source of complexity in the practical application of applied kinesiology
procedures is that no muscle exists in isolation, and frequently no single
factor produces weakness on MMT. If a muscle has been weak for a long time,
there will probably be many of the 5 factors of the IVF that are active in the
muscle as well as the local muscle dysfunction. The additional problems are
likely due to the body’s adaptation to the original factor causing the
problem. It has been consistently demonstrated in applied kinesiology that
muscular dysfunction is not a simple, localized musculoskeletal disorder.
Rather, it ties local musculoskeletal dysfunctions to a variety of other
phenomena including pain, increased neurologic confusion, autonomic arousal,
visceral dysfunction and disease and, by implication, decreases in the
effectiveness of the endocrine and the immune systems.
Intervention and Outcome: The
distinct methods of diagnosis in AK for the different myofascial problems
originally described by Drs. Travell, Jones, Rolf, and Fulford are presented.
Their treatment using a mechanical devise, called the percussor, is described.
Conclusion: Myofascial
changes occur when mechanical, chemical, or emotional stresses remain in place
in the patient’s body for extended periods. What begins as changed muscle tone
as the body adapts to these stressors progresses to structural changes in the
connective tissue elements that surround and supplement the muscle fibers
involved in the adaptation. The suggestion is made that to effectively repair
the faulty “tissue tone” that is found in chiropractic patients then we must
effectively repair the imbalanced myofascia that is present. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:95-103)
Key Indexing Terms: Fascia;
Myofascial Pain Syndromes; Diagnosis; Therapeutics; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS: AN UPDATE AND A REVIEW
Datis Kharrazian, D.C.,
M.S., C.N.S., C.C.N., C.S.C.S., C.C.S.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the
complex interactions that takes place between the gastrointestinal track and
the other major systems in the body, and to review diagnostic methods and
treatment strategies.
Clinical Features: An
extensive review of the research literature shows how gastrointestinal
inflammation may impair the function of the thyroid gland; induce insulin
insensitivity, adrenal stress syndrome, hypoglycemia; disturb the citric acid
cycle and electron transport chain; up-regulate the immune system; induce
megablastic anemia; cause DNA damage, produce oxidative stress, autoimmune
disease, estrogen dominance; and produce depression, neurodegenerative disease,
cardiovascular disease, intestinal permeability and food sensitivities. The
metabolic pathways of these mechanisms are elaborated.
Intervention and Outcome: A
review of the functional medical tests related to the gastrointestinal tract is
given. The author argues that the combination of laboratory tests and AK
evaluations give the clinician many other objective tools to make the diagnosis
and to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Many treatment options are discussed,
and the most effective are ones that include dietary and lifestyle changes,
nutritional and herbal supplementation (even pharmaceutical medications at
times), and treatments that optimize neurological inputs involving different
aspects of the 5 factors of the IVF. A “4R Program” is delineated, which stands
for remove, reinoculate, replace, and repair the gastrointestinal tract.
Conclusion: This elegant
literature review shows that gastrointestinal disorders have far reaching
impacts on human physiology. Every major system suffers when the
gastrointestinal tract is not healthy. The tools in AK and functional
laboratory tests help clinicians assess and treat these dysfunctions.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:117-136)
Key Indexing Terms: Gastrointestinal
Tract; Intestinal Diseases; Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
MALE HORMONE DISORDERS - UNDERSTANDING ANDROPAUSE
Datis Kharrazian, D.C.,
M.S., C.N.S., C.C.N., C.S.C.S., C.C.S.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review male
hormone disorders and the clinical signs and symptoms of andropause; the
influence of testosterone on human physiology; male hormone laboratory
profiles; and AK and nutritional protocols to manage male hormone disorders.
Clinical Features: The term
andropause refers to the time when the production of androgen dominant hormones
declines. A review of its symptoms and signs is given. The most common cause of
functional andropause occurs when the ratio between serum levels of
testosterone and estrogen changes. This problem may be due to increased levels
of xenoestrogens and exotoxins in the environment, increased stress, decreased
essential fatty acids in our diets, and decreased hepatic detoxification. The
identification of andropause is commonly overlooked because there is a slow and
gradual drop of testosterone compared to the female menopause. In addition, the
managed-care health system does not look favorably into routinely measuring
hormone levels in men who do not have serious endocrinological dysfunction. The
influence of testosterone upon: 1) cardiovascular function, 2) energy and red
blood cell production, 3) bone density, 4) the prostate, 5) body mass, 6) the
libido, 7) mood and depression, is described in detail.
Intervention and Outcome: Male
hormone laboratory testing (salivary male hormone profile) is outlined. AK MMT
also provides the clinician with information that cannot be evaluated by
laboratory tests, such as which systems are a priority in therapy or which
nutrients will be the most effective for the patient. A vitamin B6 deficiency
is described that may explain why there are symptoms of estrogen dominance.
Treatment to modify estrogen metabolism; stimulate testosterone synthesis;
optimize the pituitary-hypothalamic axis; improve gastrointestinal dysfunction;
optimize liver detoxification; and dietary advise for andropause are described
in depth.
Conclusion: Male hormone
disorders may be one of the most overlooked dysfunctions in health care today.
This paper offers protocols for the evaluation and treatment of this sometimes
unrecognized and untreated condition that affects ½ of the population.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:137-156)
Key Indexing Terms: Andropause;
Testosterone; Estrogen; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Diagnostic Techniques,
Endocrine; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINAL - THE FORGOTTEN MUSCLE
David Leaf, D.C.,
D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This paper
describes the importance of the transverse abdominal muscle and presents a MMT
that can be used to measure the strength of the muscle. Treatment for the
muscle’s inhibition and an exercise program for strengthening the muscle are
described.
Clinical Features: The
MMT of the transverse abdominal is performed by elevating the legs of the
supine patient until they are flexed 15 degrees or approximately 12 inches off
the table, and then the legs are moved 10 degrees off the center line of the
patient’s trunk. The test pressure is directed to bring the legs to the
centerline of the table.
Intervention and Outcome: The
most common cause of weakness found by the author is an imbalance of the ribs
to which the muscle is attached. In cases of low back problems, the diaphragm
(rib expansion) and the muscles of the pelvic floor should be tested and
corrected if inhibited. AK treatment of these factors is reviewed. Instructions
are given for this muscle’s rehabilitation that has the patient expire and pull
their umbilicus toward their spine and hold it for a count of ten, to be
repeated five times a day.
Conclusion: The function
of the transverse abdominal is essential to the stabilization of the lumbar
spine. Imbalances of the inner and outer muscle systems of the pelvis are
effectively corrected by these methods. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:157-159)
Key Indexing Terms: Abdominal
Muscles; Diagnosis; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE SUGGESTIVE INDICATION OF ORTHOTIC APPLICATION IN
EXCESSIVE PRONATION OF THE FOOT FOR APPLIED KINESIOLOGISTS THROUGH THE
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
Seung Won Lee, M.D.,
Ph.D., D.C., Je Woon Lee, M.D., Francis I. Park, D.P.M.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To identify
when the application of a permanent semi-rigid orthotic will be necessary in
cases of excessive foot pronation syndromes.
Clinical Features: 50
patients (14 males, 36 females) were selected from a combined chiropractic,
podiatric, and orthopedic medical practice who had excessive pronation of the
foot as well as symptoms and signs in the spine, pelvis, or feet. AK and
podiatric measurements diagnosed the excessive foot pronation. The total range
of motion of the subtalar joint was measured using podiatric standard
methodology. The shock absorber test, weight bearing test, gait analysis, and
biomechanical examination of single limb stance was done on the initial
examination of every patient.
Intervention and Outcome: All
patients were treated with standard, whole body AK treatments for 2 months. Two
groups were delineated from the study’s results. 23 patients achieved
significant correction of both excessive pronation with improved symptoms and
signs by AK intervention with or without temporary use of a modular type of
semiflexible orthotic support. 27 patients were not successful by the treatment
of AK methodology but were recommended long-term application of semi-rigid
orthotic support. The differentiating factor that was consistent with these two
groups was the total range of motion in the subtalar joint. The 23 patients
successfully treated with AK had an average subtalar ROM of 42.30 +/- 6.74
degrees. The 27 patients requiring semi-rigid orthotic support had an average
subtalar ROM of 55.59 +/- 7.99 degrees. The angle of single limb stance of the
23 patients was 9.39 +/- 2.81 degrees and that of the 27 patients was 11.70 +/-
2.14 degrees.
Conclusion: From this
comprehensive study on chiropractic treatment of foot dysfunction, is was
concluded that more than 50 degrees of passive range of motion of the subtalar
joint will be correlated with the application of orthotic support in patients
with excessive foot pronation. Larger patient numbers in a controlled clinical
trial should be conducted to confirm these findings. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:161-170)
Key Indexing Terms: Flatfoot;
Pes Planus; Orthotic Devices; Podiatry; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
SYMPHYSIS PUBIS DYSFUNCTION: THE LYNCHPIN IN UNEXPLAINED
LUMBO-PELVIC SYMPTOMS
Eric Pierotti, D.C.,
D.O., Ch.D (Adel)
ABSTRACT
Objective: To introduce
the author’s discovery of a specific muscle inhibition related to several
specific symphysis pubis subluxations with corrective and rehabilitative
procedures offered.
Clinical Features: The
biomechanics of the symphysis pubis and pelvis is reviewed. The author
correlates a bilateral weakness of the quadriceps muscle group with a number of
symphysis pubis subluxations. The test for this has the patient supine, the leg
flexed to 45 degrees and the knee in full extension. The opposite leg remains
flat on the examining table. A posterior tilt of the pelvis will be found on
postural examination in these cases. In 50 patients with symptoms of symphysis
pubis subluxations (urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria and dyspareunia, and
pain in the pubic area, usually associated with trauma to the area or with
diastasis of pregnancy), this bilateral inhibition of the quadriceps muscle was
found. TL to the pubis will negate the weakness of the quadriceps group test.
The etiology of this finding is explained by pregnancy because within 24 hours
of parturition the blood levels of relaxin reduce markedly and ligaments begin
to tighten regardless of joint position, even if the symphysis is in a separated
or sheared position.
Intervention and Outcome: A
specific protocol for correction of this subluxation is given, as well as
rehabilitative exercises.
Conclusion: The author
states that this condition is multifactorial, and that the protocol offered
here is the structural component of this problem. The chemical and emotional
sides of this condition should be evaluated and corrected as well. Because the
number of women who experience back pain after pregnancy and who see
chiropractors for the problem, further research into this method of therapy
should be conducted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:171-182)
Key Indexing Terms: Pubic
Symphysis Diastasis; Pregnancy; Sprains and Strains; Diagnosis; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
NO-STUFF STUFF: STRUCTURAL PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL
IMBALANCES: WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU FORGET YOUR TEST KIT
Walter H. Schmitt, Jr.,
D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present
concepts from the author’s work on “links between the nervous system and the
body chemistry” showing specific sensory receptor challenge procedures that
parallel oral challenges with hormones, neurotransmitters,
neurotransmitter-related drugs, and nutrients (vitamins, minerals, and amino acids).
Clinical Features: AK
assessment is a series of sensory receptor based diagnostic challenges followed
by the measurement of subsequent motor activity (MMT outcomes). Clinical
decisions on what therapies to administer are based on sensory receptor challenges
and MMT outcomes which, combined with other assessment procedures (history,
laboratory, other exam findings, etc.), guide the clinician on what is most
appropriate for that patient. Articles are reviewed that were written in the
1980s showing parallels between specific neuromuscular and postural patterns
(MMT outcomes) and specific biochemical patterns in the patient. The specific
sensory receptor challenges and their interpretation from that body of research
are summarized.
Intervention and Outcome: The
concepts/challenges reviewed are: “Centering the spine”; GV21 challenges; 4
body quadrant and electrolytes; TMJ protrusion and retrusion challenges;
autonomic challenges; epinephrine challenge; endocrine Chapman’s reflexes and
tonic labyrinthine reflexes challenges; visceral referred pain challenges; fats
and nitric oxide challenges; type 2 and 3 ligament receptor challenges; and
foods, chemical, and heavy metal challenges.
Conclusion: This paper
demonstrates that there are links between the nervous system, the muscular
system, and body chemistry. The links may be observed by specific sensory
receptor challenges and subsequent MMT outcomes that parallel gustatory
challenges. Controlled clinical trials of these concepts are warranted.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:183-191)
Key Indexing Terms: Biochemistry;
Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine; Lingual Nerve; Chiropractic; Kinesiology,
Applied
THOUGHT FIELD THERAPY AND ITS ASSOCIATED EFFECTS ON THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C.,
B.S., D.I.BA.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To demonstrate
the effect of Thought Field Therapy (TFT) by measuring its effects on the
autonomic nervous system.
Clinical Features: TFT is
the discovery of Roger Callahan, Ph.D., who uses MMT methods for the treatment
of emotional problems such as phobia, anger, bad habits, anxiety, guilt, grief,
depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders. A presentation of the premises and
protocols of TFT is given.
Intervention and Outcome: 106
patients participated in this study, 64 females and 42 males. Five autonomic
nervous system measurements were made before and after TFT treatments. These
were passive range of motion of the hip joints bilaterally, blood pressure,
pulse rate, oral pH, and body temperature. The results were as follows. Median
ROM before TFT was 89.62 degrees, and 107.66 degrees after treatment. Every
patient showed an improvement in ROM. The blood pressure change was a median
decrease in systolic pressure of 4.03 mm Hg, and 4.68 mm Hg decrease in
diastolic pressure after TFT. Pulse rate changes showed a median decrease of
4.8 beats. The median oral pH changes were not given. An average temperature
increase of .728 degrees occurred in 70 patients, and a decrease of .428
degrees in 28 patients.
Conclusion: According to
this author’s interpretation of the measurements used, TFT has a beneficial
effect on the autonomic nervous system of patients. The author reports
anecdotally that this system of therapy has positive emotional effects on his
patients also. The mathematical presentation of this study should be repeated
with greater controls and with other blinded physicians conducting the therapy
to determine the effect of this treatment system in other clinical settings. (Collected
Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:203-215)
Key Indexing Terms: Emotions;
Mental Disorders; Mental Healing; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
MIGRAINES: A THEORY AND TREATMENT PROTOCOL
Steven Zodkoy, D.C., D.A.C.B.N.,
C.C.N., C.N.S.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a
theory and treatment protocol for patients with migraine headaches.
Clinical Features: A
review of the clinical and nutritional literature related to migraine is
presented. This review demonstrates that an accumulation of endotoxins and
exotoxins may overburden the liver in migraine cases, followed by an increase
in the blood levels of these toxins that act as a stimulus to the intracranial
vascular system producing the headaches. This literature review suggests also
that nutritional deficiencies of magnesium, superoxide dismutase, and
tryptophan are present in migraine patients, and oral supplementation of these
nutrients have proven to be an effective prophylactic. Dietary factors
including artificial coloring, flavoring, caffeine, alcohol, and preservatives
are triggering mechanisms that also and require liver detoxification.
Intervention and Outcome: The
author states that positive TL to the liver alarm point is positive in these
patients. The nutrient testing described in this paper are: zinc tally,
salivary pH, urine pH, vitamin C urine test, calcium urine test, Koenigsburg
test for the adrenal glands, 3-hydroxy indol indican urine test (bowel
dysbiosis), and cellular oxidation-reduction in urine (aldehyde formation from
free radicals). Patients with this pattern of liver detoxification problems
with migraines caused by endotoxins and exotoxins will be positive on these
tests. Nutritional supplementation approaches found by the author to be effective
in these patients are presented.
Conclusion: A review of
the nutritional literature on migraine shows that nutritional supplementation
may be effective in the treatment of migraine headaches. Controlled clinical
trials using this method of diagnosis and treatment are needed since millions
of patients suffer from this painful, sometimes debilitating condition.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2002-2003;1:233-240)
Key Indexing Terms: Migraine
Disorders; Review Literature; Diagnostic
Techniques, Digestive System; Nutrition; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
A NEW TECHNIQUE THAT CORRECTS CRANIAL FAULTS AND TMJ
DYSFUNCTION IN ONE ACTION
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., B.S., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a
method of treatment that corrected numerous cranial faults in this study
population that are described in AK.
Clinical Features: 250
patients who were diagnosed with cranial faults or TMJ dysfunction were chosen
for this study.
Intervention and Outcome: The
author placed his hands behind the patient’s head and asked the patient to
press their neck and head into extension while breathing in. Then the patient
was asked to press their neck and head into flexion while exhaling. The author
resisted this movement, and the patient repeated this movement 5 times. The
author found that this simple technique corrected the standard types of cranial
faults described in AK.
Conclusion: The
individual presentations of these cases were not described, nor the method of
evaluation precisely outlined so that bias, error, inconsistency, etc. could be
ruled out. However, this simple method of treatment is claimed to have
far-reaching positive benefits upon patients, and so clinical trial more
objectively designed should be conducted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2002-2003;1:243-245)
Key Indexing Terms: Diagnostic
Techniques, Neurological; Evaluation Studies; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
