ICAK-USA
Research
The
Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in
the Collected Papers
of the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2001-2002
-- Edited by
Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS - A
CASE HISTORY
Janet Calhoon, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: An ongoing case study of a 43-year-old
female with multiple sclerosis is updated.
Clinical Features: A
diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from a medical neurologist was confirmed with
MRI. The patient first came for
treatment after having all of her amalgams removed and undergoing IV chelation
therapy with no improvement. She was using a cane on one side and the support
of her mother’s arm on the other. The patient’s current major complaints are
pain in the tailbone, right shoulder, and right neck. Hair analysis showed that
the mercury level remained unchanged after the amalgam removal and chelation
therapy, and arsenic levels decreased slightly. The nutrient levels of
magnesium, sodium, manganese, chromium, selenium, and cobalt all decreased;
calcium and zinc increased.
Intervention and Outcome: Oral
nutrient challenges were tested and mineral supplementation given. Nutritional
counseling was given to the patient, and instructions on food combining
offered. Basic AK treatment methods were employed that treated problems in the
biochemical and structural areas. After 2 years of AK care she went from not
being able to write a check to showering without assistance. The patient was a
conditioned athlete at the onset of MS.
Conclusion: Treatment directed to basic structural,
chemical, and emotional problems in this patient with multiple sclerosis
improved her condition and reduced her pain. Concurrent neuro-radiologic
studies are warranted to discover if the care rendered to this patient would
benefit other patients with multiple sclerosis. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:1-2)
Key Indexing Terms: Multiple Sclerosis; Treatment;
Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: CERVICALGIA, TINNITUS, AND PERIODONTOSIS
Marcello Caso, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the case of a female with
cervical pain and tinnitus of 18 months duration that was co-treated using AK
and an oral surgeon.
Clinical Features: A 52-year-old female presented
with cervicalgia and incessant tinnitus of 18 months duration, especially in
the right ear. The condition developed suddenly, 2 weeks after the implantation
of a left inferior bridge by her dentist. The implant procedure was difficult
for the patient, and there was a crack in the bridge that had to be repaired.
Previous therapies of hypnosis and psychological evaluation, acupuncture,
physical therapy, massage and chiropractic were of small benefit to her. An
orthodontist made a bite splint for her, which she was using at the time of her
visit to the author’s office, without benefit.
Intervention and Outcome: Evaluation of the bite for
pre-contacts, by means of dental occlusion paper, revealed an anterior
pre-contact at the incisors. AK MMT evaluation showed that the bite splint was
not helping the patient, and the dentist agreed and made a new one for her. The
AK neurologic tooth protocol was treated at the second pre-molar on the left.
This was the first tooth of the bridge that was created 18 months prior. Injury
Recall Technique was also applied to this tooth. Following the first treatment,
palpatory pain of the oral musculature and cervical ROM were both improved. The
relief was short lived. This treatment approach was done twice more, with only
short-lived results. The author believed, because of the recurring problems,
that some type of oral pathology should be ruled out. Another set of films was
performed and a large, expansile, lytic lesion was found under the tooth in
question. Oral surgery to repair the periodontosis was performed, as well as
repair of the bridge. Several weeks after the surgery, the patient presented
with a 50% decrease in cervical pain, as well as a decrease in the tinnitus.
Conclusion: Muscular inhibitions that are present on
repeated office visits that do not respond to therapy should always be followed
up by a more complete examination, occasionally using the expertise of other
health professionals. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:3-5)
Key Indexing Terms: Periodontitis; Tinnitus; Neck
Pain; Dental Care; Treatment; Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: CHAPMAN’S NEUROLYMPHATIC REFLEXES,
CONGENITAL INTESTINAL ABNORMALITY, AND BOWEL EVACUATION TIME.
Marcello Caso, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the
applied kinesiologic evaluation of Chapman's neurolymphatic (NL) reflexes in
the management of a male with a congenital bowel abnormality and its role in
the manifestation of low back pain. The theoretical foundations of these
reflexes will be elaborated upon and their clinical applications discussed.
Clinical Features: A
29-year-old man presented with chronic low back pain. Radiographs of the
patient's lumbar spine and pelvis were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
demonstrated a mild protrusion of the fifth lumbar disk. Oral anti-inflammatory
agents, cortisone injections, and chiropractic manipulative therapy provided
little relief. Though generally in robust health, the patient was aware of a
congenital intestinal abnormality diagnosed when he was a child; it was thought
to be of no consequence with regard to his current back condition.
Intervention and outcome: The
patient's history, combined with applied kinesiology examination, indicated a
need to direct treatment to the large intestine. The essential diagnostic
indicators were the analysis of Chapman's neurolymphatic reflexes, coupled with
an evaluation of the traditional acupuncture meridians. The primary prescribed
therapy was the stimulation of these reflexes by the patient at home. This
intervention resulted in the resolution of the patient's musculoskeletal
symptomatology, as well as improved bowel function.
Conclusion: The remarkable
outcome from the application of this relatively simple, yet valuable,
diagnostic and therapeutic procedure represents a thought-provoking impetus for
future study and clinical application. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:7-9)
Key Indexing Terms: Gastrointestinal Disease; Low
Back Pain; Chiropractic Manipulation; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
H.I.V. - THE ACHILLES HEEL OF A.I.D.S.
Heath Motley, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To make the
argument that the HIV-AIDS hypothesis is scientifically unproven, and the
treatment of carriers of HIV-AIDS with cytotoxic DNA chain terminators
originally designed to kill growing human cells for chemotherapy, like AZT, has
been a failure.
Data Sources: A literature synthesis of the work of
Duesberg is presented.
Results: This paper proposes that American and
European AIDS is caused by the long-term consumption of recreational and
anti-HIV drugs like AZT. The evidence presented here includes: 1) AIDS is
restricted to intravenous and oral users of recreational drugs and AZT; 2) AIDS
is 87% male, because males consume this share of recreational drugs; 3) AIDS
occurs in newborns, because mothers use recreational drugs during pregnancy; 4)
AIDS is new in America, because AIDS is a consequence of the recreational drug
use and of AZT prescriptions that started in 1987; 5) AIDS occurs only in a
small fraction of recreational drug users, because only the highest life-time
dose of drugs causes irreversible AIDS-defining diseases - likewise only the
heaviest smokers get emphysema or lung cancer; 6) AIDS manifests as specific
diseases in specific risk groups, because each group has specific drug habits.
For example, pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma is exclusively diagnosed in male
homosexuals who inhale carcinogenic alkyl nitrites; 7) AIDS does not occur in
millions of HIV-positive non-drug users, and there are thousands of HIV-free
AIDS cases, because AIDS is not caused by HIV; 8) evidence is cited showing
that AIDS is stabilized, even cured, if patients stop using recreational drugs
or AZT - regardless of the presence of HIV. The drug-HIV hypothesis predicts
that AIDS is an entirely preventable and in part curable disease.
Conclusion: This paper suggests that the
solution to AIDS could be as close as a very testable and affordable
alternative to the HIV hypothesis - the drug-AIDS hypothesis. The hypotheses in
this paper need thorough examination, review, and clinical evaluation.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:17-28)
Key Indexing Terms: HIV; Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome; Etiology; Drug Therapy; Zidovudine; Sexually Transmitted Diseases;
Epidemic; Communicable Disease Control
EPISODIC PAROXYSMAL VERTIGO: A CASE HISTORY
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the case of a woman
successfully treated with AK methods for episodic paroxysmal vertigo that had
been present from childhood.
Clinical Features: A 17-year-old female presented
with episodic paroxysmal vertigo that started at approximately 13 months of
age. In her first 6 years of life she had episodes of vertigo and vomiting once
a month that were from 4 to 30-40 hours in duration and usually began early in
the morning while asleep. Thorough pediatric medical examination resulted in
her taking Inderal, Periactin, and Meclizine, though they were not very
helpful. She had an intense illusion of rotation toward the left and profuse
vomiting. These symptoms had forced her out of high school. The symptoms were
usually time related, with the vertigo waking her between 5 to 7 a.m. and
continue until 3 p.m. when they stopped abruptly.
Intervention and Outcome: AK treatment of cranial and
pelvic faults, a fixation at C1 and occiput, Yaw #2 left, and PRY-T were given
on her first visit. The most significant factor was the lack of any meridian
involvement, except for the Then and Now technique finding. TL to the alarm
point for the start of the vertigo symptoms, and then the alarm point for the
end of the vertigo symptoms was positive. In her case the vertigo begins at 6
a.m., which in the circulation of chi energy is the large intestine meridian,
and 12:30 p.m., which is the heart meridian. Treatment was tapping H5 for 60
seconds. 4 treatments over the course of 7 months have kept this patient free
from her episodic paroxysmal vertigo for 3 years.
Conclusion: The inclusion of AK evaluation and
treatment of the meridian system, specifically the Then and Now technique, appears
to be the proper treatment for this patient with episodic paroxysmal vertigo.
Since there are many causes of vertigo, the use of AK to evaluate the whole
person was able to discover the precise cause of vertigo in this particular
case. Larger clinical trials are indicated for this debilitating condition.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:29-31)
Key Indexing Terms: Vertigo; Case Reports;
Treatment; Acupuncture Points; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
SPINOUS PROCESS SENSITIVITY AS AN INDICATOR OF SUBLUXATION
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A case series of 200 patients are examined
to determine the correlation between spinous process tenderness and a
subluxated vertebra as found with AK methods.
Clinical Features: 118 males and 82 females were
evaluated, ranging from 5 to 75 years of age. Each patient was examined by
manual palpation for spinous process sensitivity, and the patient gave a
numerical value from 1 to 10 for the pain level. Care was used in assuring that
the amount of pressure used would not cause pain in normal subjects. An
electronic scale was used and found that 8 to 10 pounds of force was sufficient
to elicit the tenderness response. After this examination method, each section
of the spine that elicited tenderness to spinous process pressure was evaluated
by standard AK MMT procedures to see if these sections would also therapy
localize and be positive to challenge.
Intervention and Outcome: The study showed an 83.3%
correlation between the presence of spinous process pain and subluxation
findings using AK methods.
Conclusion: There are a number of criteria that
chiropractors use to determine which vertebrae to adjust. Demonstrating a
correlation between these findings is desirable. This paper demonstrates a
statistically significant correlation between the signs and symptoms AK
physicians use to determine the presence of vertebral subluxation and spinous
process tenderness.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:37-39)
Key Indexing Terms: Pain Measurement; Spine;
Diagnosis, Differential; Chiropractic Manipulation; Kinesiology, Applied
THE ASSOCIATION OF THE SPONDYLOGENIC REFLEXES TO THE
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a case series and discussion of
the effects of tapping the T2-T4 spondylogenic reflex areas of Dvorak and
Dvorak for pain reduction in the lateral pterygoid muscles of the TMJ.
Clinical Features: Patients with TMJ problems are
frequently found in clinical practice, and acute pain in the lateral pterygoid
muscles is a frequent finding in these cases. An AK method is described for
treatment that consists of contacting the involved lateral pterygoid muscle
while the patient is seated and tapping firmly on the spinous and transverse
processes of T2-T4. A theoretical discussion of how stimulation of peripheral
mechanoreceptors can depress transmission of pain signals, and specifically how
the AK treatment of the lateral pterygoid tenderness works, is offered. The
relationship of stimulation to the T2-T4 levels and the lateral pterygoid pain
reduction is presented.
Intervention and Outcome: The author discusses the
endorphin system in his presentation, and he acquired a tablet form of
sublingual naloxone and tested it on the patients in this study (a drug that
blocks endorphin receptor sites). Naloxone produced diminution in pain for the
lateral pterygoid muscles, as did the spondylogenic reflex tapping, suggesting
that this AK treatment method may affect the endorphin system in the CNS.
Conclusion: The spondylogenic reflex treatment for
pain in the lateral pterygoid muscle was successful in the 48 patients studied.
In patients with painful TMJ syndromes, especially those with lateral pterygoid
muscle dysfunction, treatment with AK methods may be beneficial. Larger
clinical trials with greater controls are warranted.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:41-45)
Key Indexing Terms: Temporomandibular Joint; Pterygoid
Muscles; Clinical Trials; Models, Theoretical; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
THE TREATMENT OF URINARY TRACT DISORDERS AND INTERSTITIAL
CYSTITIS
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present an
overview of urinary tract disorders, particularly interstitial cystitis, and a
successful method of treatment using meridian therapy.
Clinical Features: Interstitial cystitis is a painful
inflammation of the bladder that might be related to collagen disease,
autoimmune disorders, allergic conditions, or an infectious agent not yet
identified. A case series of 49 female and 1 male patient is presented.
Intervention and Outcome: A protocol of treatment is
presented for patients with urinary tract or pelvic diaphragm problems. TL to
the alarm point for the bladder was negative, but with simultaneous TL to the
lung alarm point, it became positive. The author was able to neutralize this TL
pattern in these patients by tapping bladder meridian’s second point, BL2 for
60 seconds on both sides. The author also treated the bladder’s associated
point BL28. This method of treatment improved the bladder problem in all the
patients in this study. The extent of improvement and the method of measuring
this were not documented in this report.
Conclusion: This method had a high success rate for
patients with urinary tract problems, including interstitial cystitis. Because
interstitial cystitis afflicts millions of patients with bladder urgency,
frequency, and pelvic pain, this method should be investigated for its value to
these patients. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:49-50)
Key Indexing Terms: Cystitis, Interstitial; Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease; Pelvic Pain; Case Reports; Diagnosis; Treatment;
Acupuncture Points; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
SKELETAL RESPIRATORY PATTERNS AND THE RELATIONSHIP TO
MUSCLE FACILITATION OR INHIBITION
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a case series report and review
on the skeletal motion created by respiration and its effects on patterns of
muscle facilitation and inhibition.
Clinical Features: 100 patients (50 male and 50
female) were evaluated to discover if there was a specific relationship of the
respiratory motion in the sacrum and ilium to the muscles that relate to each
of these structures. All of the muscles that have origin or insertion on the
innominate bones were tested. If they were inhibited, treatment to strengthen
them was given before the research protocol was begun.
Intervention and Outcome: Each patient’s pelvis was
challenged by hand bilaterally with 8 to 10 pounds of pressure at the ASIS in
the opposite direction of the normal inspiratory motion (an upward and medial
direction) for 4 or 5 cycles during inspiration. Each of the muscles that
attach to the innominate was retested to discover if a weakening effect
occurred. Profound muscle weakening was found in the gluteus maximus, gluteus
medius, tensor fascia lata, rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques,
and the entire 4 heads of the quadriceps. When sacral respiratory motion was
challenged in reverse of its normal respiratory movement on inspiration (sacral
base forward), only the hamstrings and adductors would weaken.
Conclusion: This study showed a specific relationship
between the respiratory motion of the sacrum and innominate bones and the
function of specific muscles that attach to them. When this motion is
disturbed, specific muscle weaknesses occur. The importance of this finding
should be investigated in larger groups of patients with spinal problems.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:51-52)
Key Indexing Terms: Respiratory Mechanics;
Diagnostic Techniques, Respiratory System; Sacrum; Ilium; Kinetics;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
ABOUT PECULIARITIES OF THE EFFECT OF MUSCLE FUNCTIONAL
WEAKNESS
Vasilyeva, L.F., Chernysheva, T.N., Korenbaum, V.I.,
Apukhtina, T.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To report the results of electromyography
changes in muscle strength in three patients who received sensory provocations
of a mechanical, chemical, and emotional nature.
Clinical Features: Electromyographic measurement of
the pectoralis major and the deltoid muscle was made during 3-second muscle
contractions. The examiner found the muscles to be strong on MMT.
Intervention and Outcome: When the patients received
sensory provocations, the examiner found muscle inhibition on MMT. The EMG
amplitudes during the muscle tests were plotted graphically, and confirmed the
changes in muscle strength detected manually by the examiner after sensory
provocation.
Conclusion: The evaluation of muscle strength changes
measured with an EMG instrument confirms that muscle strength changes can be
detected by AK physicians using MMT methods after appropriate sensory
provocation, and that this phenomena can be measured by instrumentation. AK
muscle testing procedures can be objectively be evaluated through
quantification of the electrical characteristics of muscles, and the course of
AK treatments can be objectively plotted over time. Numerous clinical trials
relating differing clinical conditions to changes in EMG measurements on MMT
are called for. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:63-66)
Key Indexing Terms: Electromyography; Evaluation
Studies; Neurologic Manifestations; Muscle Weakness; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
AN APPLIED KINESIOLOGY EVALUATION OF FACIAL NEURALGIA: A CASE
HISTORY OF BELL’S PALSY
Scott C. Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the assessment, diagnosis and
successful chiropractic management of a patient with Bell’s palsy.
Clinical Features: A 51-year-old female presented
with left-sided facial nerve paralysis, as well as intense neck pain and
tingling in her left arm that had been present a week before the onset of the
facial nerve paralysis. On examination her left lip was quivering, her left
tear duct was pulsing, swollen and painful. Her vision was slightly blurred,
and she had hyperacusis in her left ear. Her sense of taste was also affected
by the problem, with a “mediciney taste mixed with rancid oil.” Sugar diluted
in water was applied to the anterior 1/3 of the tongue with a cotton swab to
evaluate the chorda tympani portion of the facial nerve, and a medicine like
flavor was detected. A review of the neuroanatomy of cranial nerve VII is
given, with possible entrapment neuropathies and disturbances to its function
given.
Intervention and Outcome: Cranial
and spinal adjustments were made as indicated by AK findings on examination.
Tenderness along the left occipitomastoid suture was eliminated with a left
inspiration, right expiration assist cranial fault correction, and compression
of the 4th ventricle techniques. The deep neck flexor and
sternocleidomastoid muscles were strengthened by these corrections. An
occipito-atlantal fixation correction strengthened the psoas muscles. A
category I pelvic fault was corrected. She was similarly treated 7 times over
24 days and was completely free of facial paralysis, without the slightest
cosmetic residual problem apparent. The Bell’s palsy of 2 weeks duration had
not returned 5 years later.
Conclusion: Further studies into AK and cranial
treatments for facial nerve dysfunctions may be helpful to determine whether
this single case study can be representative of a group of patients who might
benefit from this care. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:67-72)
Key Indexing Terms: Facial Paralysis; Bell Palsy; Case Reports [Publication Type]; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures;
Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR, HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PRODUCTION, AND ZINC STATUS
Terry M. Hambrick, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a case series where the gastric
acid level was measured with the Gastro-Test Kit from HDC, Inc. These values
were then correlated with MMT of the pectoralis major, clavicular division
muscle (PMC) as well as zinc levels measured with the zinc tally test in the
patient series.
Clinical Features: The
Gastro-Test procedure requires that the patient swallow a weighted capsule
attached to a cotton string. The patient rests on their left side for 7
minutes, then the string is withdrawn. The cotton string is then swabbed with a
reagent and reacts with the gastric juices that have soaked into the distal end
of the string. The resultant color is matched with a color chart that reflects
the pH of the gastric juices. Zinc status is measured with a saturated zinc
solution that the patient holds in their mouth for 10 seconds. The patient
reports their taste sensation to the examiner after this time. The predictable
outcome is that the patient tastes nothing or has a strong sense of taste, with
a grade scale from 1 to 4.
Intervention and Outcome: 5 students at a seminar
were tested using the above parameters. The study found that an inhibited
pectoralis major, clavicular division muscle was not reflective of reduced
hydrochloric acid production as measured by the Gastro-Test kit. The one
patient with alkaline gastric pH was also the only one to show a facilitated
PMC. Zinc levels were normal in all participants but one and this subject
demonstrated an inhibited PMC muscle.
Conclusion: These results challenge one of the more
basic AK teachings which has shown itself to be clinically effective, i.e. that
the PMC will be inhibited in cases of decreased hydrochloric acid production in
patients. Possible complicating factors to the study are the sample size, the
lack of screening for lumbo-dorsal fixations (that may mask the PMC weakness).
The author suggests that further studies should be done to quantify and
validate the correlation between an inhibited PMC muscle and gastric pH levels.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:111-113)
Key Indexing Terms: Gastric Acidity Determination;
Achlorhydria; Diagnosis, Differential; Muscle Weakness; Case Reports
[Publication Type]; Kinesiology, Applied
RETAINED PRIMITIVE REFLEXES: STRUCTURAL CORRECTIONS THAT
ASSIST THEIR INTEGRATION
Keith Keen, Dip. Ac., D.O., D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present concepts regarding primitive
and postural reflexes that can be retained past their normal age of integration
and their use as a tool for physicians to find out why a child is not
performing at their age level. Craniosacral corrections that assist the
integration of retained primitive reflexes are presented.
Clinical Features: Neonates are routinely checked for
the presence of primitive reflexes, as they are essential for their survival
and normal development. The work of Capute, Blythe and Goddard are cited that
show primitive reflexes may remain long after the normal age of integration. The
reflexes described here are the Fear Paralysis Reflex; Moro Reflex;
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR); Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR); and
Spinal Galant Reflex. The function of these reflexes is described, and the
learning, developmental, and sensorimotor delays that the presence of these
reflexes may produce if they are retained are discussed.
Intervention and Outcome: The author describes a
retrospective statistical analysis study he performed in 1998 on a group of
children. They were tested for retention of primitive reflexes by a
neurodevelopmental assessor before and after the corrections described in this
paper. The results of that study are reviewed, showing positive changes at
probabilities ranging from p<.05 to p<.01 (Keen, 1999). Treatment
involves placing the child into the position of the primitive reflex and then
MMT of an indicator muscle for weakening. The doctor then must find what is
causing the problem (what abolishes the indicator muscle change), and then
correct this factor. A cranial or a sacral fault was usually found to be
necessary.
Conclusion: Structural, mostly craniosacral,
corrections were developed that assist the integration of retained primitive
reflexes. The research offered shows that this therapy helps aspects of learning
difficulties, behavioral problems, and developmental delay. Controlled clinical
trials of this method for the treatment of these kinds of problems in children
are necessary. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:121-127)
Key Indexing Terms: Reflex, Abnormal;
Developmental Disabilities; Diagnosis, Differential; Muscle Weakness;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE ROLE OF DERMAL PROPRIOCEPTORS IN REACTIVE MUSCLE
PATTERNS
Datis Kharrazian, D.C., C.C.N., C.S.C.S., C.C.S.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the role of the proprioceptors
in the skin and their role in causing reactive muscle patterns.
Clinical Features: In traditional AK methodology, the
reactive muscle phenomenon occurs when a muscle becomes inhibited because of
inappropriate proprioceptive impulses from another previously contracted
muscle. This paper proposes that reactive muscle patterns can also be caused by
aberrant afferent input from dermal proprioceptors in the skin, and that this
aberrant input produces similar neurologic consequences as the reactive muscle
phenomenon produced by aberrant muscle spindles.
Intervention and Outcome: The involvement of the skin
can be diagnosed by challenging the skin manually over the hypertonic muscle in
the reactive muscle pattern. The challenge is produced by gently tugging the
skin in the vector that produces the reactive muscle finding. Treatment by
tugging on the skin in the opposite direction that initiated the reactive
muscle pattern corrects this pattern of reactive muscle inhibition.
Conclusion: The author recommends that the dermis be
checked for its influence on reactive muscle patterns. It is a common finding
in his experience, and corrects more thoroughly the reactive muscle patterns
found clinically. Clinical trials to differentiate this treatment from
treatment of the muscle spindles beneath the skin are warranted to discover
which element has priority in the reactive muscle pattern. Outcome studies on
the effects of this treatment in symptomatic patients are needed. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:129-130)
Key Indexing Terms: Proprioception; Dermis;
Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Spindles; Muscle Hypotonia; Physiological
Processes; Diagnosis, Differential; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
SEVERE EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS NON-RESPONSIVE TO
PHARMACOLOGICAL CARE TREATED WITH CHIROPRACTIC AND APPLIED KINESIOLOGY: A CASE
HISTORY
David W. Leaf, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a case of severe equilibrium
problems successfully treated with cervical traction.
Clinical Features: A 48-year-old female presented
with equilibrium problems of 16 months duration. She reported that the symptoms
started 2 weeks after she stood up under the kitchen sink and hit her head, and
the problem was made worse when she closed her eyes. 4 neurologists and another
chiropractor had treated the patient with no change in symptomatology. She
exhibited an abnormal gait that resembled a drunken swagger, and was able to
stand with her feet separated at least 10 inches apart but lost her balance
with the feet closer together. The technique of cervical traction while the
patient is walking on a treadmill, first described by Fred Illi, D.C., of Geneva, Switzerland, is presented.
Intervention and Outcome: The patient showed marked
inhibition of all her extensor muscles, and exhibited bilateral nystagmus. The
weak extensors became strong after cervical traction challenge testing. The
author used cervical traction of 6 pounds while the patient walked on a
treadmill for 15 minutes. After this, she was able to stand with her feet
together with no body sway. She presented no signs of nystagmus and her
vertical height had increased by 2 inches after treatment.
Conclusion: In this case there appeared to be a
pattern of muscle inhibition as a result of compression of the
occipito-atlantal articulations. This showed on MMT as inhibition of the
extensor muscles of the body. Use of a home cervical traction device with 6
pounds of water causing distraction while the patient moves in a walking
pattern reversed the symptom pattern in this patient. Larger clinical trials of
this method for the treatment of equilibrium and imbalance disorders are
warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:133-134)
Key Indexing Terms: Musculoskeletal Equilibrium;
Traction; Therapeutics; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: CLUSTER HEADACHE
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a
case of cluster headache successfully treated using AK methods with an 8-year
follow up and no recurrence.
Clinical Features: Cluster headaches represent one of
the most severe forms of headache, causing some of its victims to commit
suicide. In 85% of patients, the attacks are regular to the same hour or hours
each day until the headache ends. Discussion of the theoretical pathogenesis of
this problem from a literature review is presented. A 62-year-old male, with a
17-year history of cluster headaches, presents for treatment. The pain was
severe and located over the entire left side of the face, accompanied by
belching, facial pallor, conjunctival injection, nasal stuffiness and
rhinorrhea, bradycardia, and lacrimation. He used Florinal to relieve the pain.
The headaches occurred daily and although heavily medicated he would often lie
on his back on the floor during his lunch hour and pound his head on the floor
to create some relief.
Intervention and Outcome: Multiple cranial faults
were found: bilateral sphenobasilar flexion, left laterally displaced occiput,
left parietal descent, and right temporal parietal bulge cranial faults. The
cruciate and sagittal sutures were compressed, and the left clavicle was
displaced laterally. AK treatment was used for reducing the strain in the
craniosacral system. Food related provocation of the cluster headache was
suspected, and supplemental hydrochloric acid tablets, a digestive
cleansing/bulking agent, and multivitamin and multimineral were given. The patient
was treated 30 times over a 7-month period, and there was a progressive
reduction in the intensity of the headaches. He was not seen for 6 months, and
at that time the headaches were “practically gone.” The patient has been free
of headaches since that time for 10 years.
Conclusion: A
prospective, controlled clinical trial of chiropractic management in this
condition is warranted, considering the absence of otherwise effective therapy.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:135-138)
Key Indexing Terms: Cluster Headache; Case Reports
[Publication Type]; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE HISTORY: SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF CERVICAL
RADICULOPATHY ACCOMPANIED BY HERNIATED NUCLEUS PULPOSUS WITH CHIROPRACTIC, APPLIED
KINESIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MEDICINE MODALITIES
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the case of a herniated
intervertebral cervical disc successfully treated by chiropractic methods.
Clinical Features: A 37-year-old female presents with
signs and symptoms of C5 and C6 disc pathology. There had been two prior
cervical acceleration/deceleration (CAD) accidents producing trauma to the
cervical spine. The role of prior CAD in the pathogenesis of her problem is
discussed, as are the altered biomechanical factors specifically assessed and
treated using AK techniques combined with other physical modalities.
Intervention and Outcome: The patient was treated 49
times over a 6-month period and made a complete subjective and functional
recovery. A pre-treatment MRI of the cervical spine showed “nucleus pulposus
herniations at C5-6 level centrally and to the right,” that “appear to impinge
on the thecal sac and extend into the right neural foramen.” A CT scan following myelography had the same findings. A post-treatment MRI of the cervical
spine showed that though the herniated disc was still present, the previous
“annular bulging” had improved with a reduction in the thecal sac impingement,
and there was diminished foraminal encroachment (no extension to the right
neural foramen on the post-treatment MRI study.
Conclusion: The effectiveness of chiropractic care
for this type of condition compared to medical care is evaluated in this paper
from the research literature, showing that chiropractic care for this kind of
severe pathology can be successful that might otherwise require more costly and
aggressive measures. The author suggests that not all patients with symptoms
referable to a demonstrated herniated disc need be considered surgical
candidates. More chiropractic clinical trials to evaluate this contention are
underway. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:139-144)
Key Indexing Terms: Intervertebral Disk
Displacement; Cervical Vertebrae; Case Reports [Publication Type]; Costs
and Cost Analysis; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied
TREATMENT OF BELL’S PALSY BY THE CORRECTION OF FAULTS IN
THE STOMATOGNATHIC SYSTEM: CASE HISTORY
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The successful treatment of 2 patients
with Bell’s palsy by manually correcting faults in the stomatognathic system is
described.
Clinical Features: The
natural history and prognosis of Bell’s palsy in the research literature is
reviewed. 35 references are cited and discussed involving the pathogenesis,
symptom picture, and prognosis of the condition. The first patient, a
57-year-old male, experienced right-sided facial paralysis 3-hours after
chewing a “very thick crusted pizza while eating quickly” that had been present
for 1 week. Multiple cranial disrelationships were found on examination, as
well as TMJ movement problems, with masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid muscle
hypertonicity. A cervical disc syndrome at the C4/5 and C5/6 levels were
found, as well as a lumbar disc syndrome at L5/S1. The second patient, a
39-year-old male, had left-sided facial paralysis for 9 days. A few days prior
he noted suboccipital and frontal headaches, left neck stiffness and a “tired
feeling” came on with the facial paralysis, but that feeling subsequently
cleared. Hyperacusis in the left ear was present also.
Intervention and Outcome: Treatment for both cases
consisted of cranial, muscular, and spinal adjustments to normalize aberrant
skeletal and cranial biomechanics. This treatment was accompanied by rapid and
permanent resolution of the clinical problem of Bell’s palsy. Although the two
patients were treated early in the course of their illnesses, the speed of
their recovery and small number of treatments (4 treatments over a 6-day period
in the first case, and 3 treatments over a 14-day period in the second case) is
notable.
Conclusion: Alleviation of the structural problems in
patients with Bell’s palsy, which are hypothesized to create the pathology,
predispose to viral infection, or hinder healing, should be applied early on to
shorten the course of the illness and to lessen the severity of the symptoms.
The author states that he has found the same stomatognathic compartment
syndrome in 12 other cases of Bell’s palsy, and all of these cases resolved
adequately in a short time frame with this treatment. Well-designed clinical
trials of this potentially life-altering condition are recommended. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:145-151)
Key Indexing Terms: Facial Paralysis; Bell Palsy; Case Reports [Publication Type]; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures;
Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
PEDIATRIC CASE HISTORY: COST EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OF
BLOCKED NASO-LACRIMAL CANAL UTILIZING APPLIED KINESIOLOGY TENETS
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a case of a blocked tear duct
in a 14-month-old child that was successfully treated using AK methods.
Clinical Features: A 14-month-old presented with poor
drainage from his left eye causing it to be consistently crusty. The child had
several colds over the past 6-months, and the child has been referred by the
mother’s pediatrician to a pediatric plastic surgeon for surgical correction of
the blocked tear duct.
Intervention and Outcome: Surrogate testing,
utilizing the mother’s arm muscles was used to specify necessary treatment.
Treatment of cranial faults, cervical, thoracic and lumbar dysarthrias, as well
as bilateral sacroiliac sprain was given. A left parietal descent, right
temporal-parietal bulge, bilateral sphenobasilar flexion, left internal
frontal, and left external zygoma cranial faults were manually corrected by AK
methodology. A category II pelvic fault on the left was corrected, as well as a
left sacral inferiority that produced left rotation of L5, L3, C3 and C1
vertebrae. The left upper trapezius was strengthened by origin-insertion
technique, and spasm of the masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid muscles were
balanced manually. The child was treated 5-times over a 6-week period with
complete resolution of the blocked tear duct.
Conclusion: Jamming of the orbital bones in this case
as well as locking of the vault bones was suspected to lead to increased
tension, then swelling and closure of the nasal lacrimal canal. This
conservative, cost-effective approach may become the standard protocol in the
future should subsequent studies validate this method of treatment. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:153-154)
Key Indexing Terms: Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases;
Case Reports [Publication Type]; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures;
Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
VISCERO-SOMATIC REFLEXES: THEIR CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
USING MUSCLE TESTING TO EVALUATE THE HEART AND ESOPHAGUS
Victor J. Portelli, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This paper examines several clinical
relationships that have been discovered by the author between the motion of an
organ and specific MMT outcomes compared to general MMT outcomes to an organ
challenge.
Clinical Features: MMT is found to be a useful tool
to help in the identification of visceral fixations and their correction. The
paper demonstrates methods of diagnosis and treatment using viscero-somatic reflexes
using the heart and esophagus organs as examples. Pushing or pulling an organ
into or out of ‘lesion’ while the doctor performs a MMT produces a visceral
challenge. The author states that a visceral lesion refers to an organ that is
in an incorrect anatomical position, has movement aberrations or adhesions, or
has its blood or lymph supply compromised by an anatomical neighbor. A
theoretical explanation of the mechanisms of the visceral challenge and of
visceral therapy in general is presented. The anatomy of the heart and the
esophagus is presented, as well as signs, symptoms and tests that may help the
clinician identify when these organs may require this type of treatment.
Intervention and Outcome: Specific methods of
challenge for the heart and the esophagus are given. Treatment protocols for
positive findings on these tests are described. The relationship of the
subscapularis muscle to the heart challenges, and of the supraspinatus muscle
to the esophagus challenges are delineated. The numerous treatment methods for
both the heart and the esophagus involve whole-body analysis and comprehensive
therapy for these organs.
Conclusion: The author reports that visceral
challenge reveals a neurological relationship exists between muscles and organs
and that this relationship is muscle and organ specific. This relationship may
be useful to determine whether physiologically normal patterns or aberrant
biomechanical visceral faults are present in patients. Clinical trials with
measurable outcome studies need to be done to validate this method of diagnosis
and treatment. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:155-175)
Key Indexing Terms: Visceral Afferents; Visceral
Prolapse; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
TECHNIQUES BASED ON CONCEPTS OF THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Walter H. Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present 3 new challenge techniques and
therapeutic approaches for the evaluation of the enteric nervous system (ENS).
Clinical Features: The work of Michael D. Gershon,
M.D., is reviewed. His discovery of the functioning of the enteric nervous
system and the field of neurogastroenterology is described, and its clinical
relevance illustrated. Fatty acids anywhere in the intestinal lumen stimulates
the ENS to decrease peristalsis of the gut at the ileocecal area, what is
called in AK the closed ileocecal valve (ICV) syndrome. This reflex exists to
keep undigested fat from entering the colon where it may stimulate the growth
of unfriendly flora. Carbohydrate also stimulates the ENS and produces an open
ileocecal valve syndrome. The gastrocolic reflex causes increased peristalsis
in the large intestine following food intake that stretches the stomach. When
the stomach is stimulated by the presence of food, the colon is stimulated to
empty. These reflexes have produced 3 sensory challenges that evaluate whether
or not they are functioning properly.
Intervention and Outcome: Fatty acid function in the
ENS is evaluated with the ileal brake challenge. First, normal ICV treatments
are given if needed. Then, the doctor places a good fat like olive in the
mouth. If this produces a positive challenge for the closed ICV, then the
patient TLs to Chapman’s neurolymphatic reflexes (NL) for the pancreas, liver,
gallbladder to identify which one negates the fat-induced closed ICV challenge.
Nutrients may also negate the positive challenge and are tested. Treatment to
the reflex and supplementation are given. Carbohydrate challenge for the open
ICV syndrome involves placing sugar or other carbohydrate in the mouth. If this
produces a positive open ICV challenge, then the patient TLs the NL for the
small intestine. Treatment is by rubbing NL reflex with the carbohydrate that
caused the weakening in the mouth. The gastrocolic reflex challenge has 3
steps. First, the doctor pinches the referred pain area for the stomach, puts
pressure through the abdominal wall to stretch the stomach, and challenges for
an open ICV or Houston valve. If challenge is positive, an offending dietary
substance, when tasted, will cause a positive TL to the stomach Chapman’s
reflex area. Rubbing this reflex with the offending substance in the mouth will
negate the challenge. If there is a recurrence of this finding, the offending
substance may have to be permanently avoided.
Conclusion: It appears that ENS concepts may be
clinically applied by monitoring MMT outcomes following various specific
sensory receptor challenges. It is suggested by the author that this treatment
has improved patients’ complaints and decreased recurrence of a variety of
digestive symptoms. Controlled clinical trials on appropriate patient cohorts
are necessary. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2001-2002;1:177-180)
Key Indexing Terms: Enteric Nervous System;
Reflex, Abnormal; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE ASSOCIATION OF REPEAT MUSCLE ACTIVATION PATIENT
INDUCED (R.M.A.P.I.) TO HYPOADRENIA
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present a clinical finding connecting
R.M.A.P.I. to functional hypoadrenia.
Clinical Features: 50
patients were part of this study, 29 females and 21 males. The R.M.A.P.I. is a
finding in some patients whose muscles test weak after the patient repeatedly
contracts the muscle. Each patient was evaluated for a number of factors
including blood pressure lying, seated and standing (Ragland’s effect noted, or
a drop in the systolic blood pressure). The ligament stretch reaction
(associated in AK with adrenal stress disorder), and sphenobasilar cranial
fault (sometimes associated with adrenal stress disorder) were tested in each
patient.
Intervention and Outcome: Two
methods of evaluating each patient in the study was performed. If R.M.A.P.I.
was discovered during examination, then the other tests for hypoadrenia were
performed. If the patient’s symptoms indicated hypoadrenia, these tests were
performed as well as an evaluation of the R.M.A.P.I phenomenon. All of the
patients in this study showed a drop in systolic blood pressure from lying to
sitting or sitting to standing, a positive Ragland’s sign. All showed the
sphenobasilar fault, the ligament stretch reaction, positive TL to the
temporosphenoidal line when cross TL was done, and all patients showed one or
more muscles that had the R.M.A.P.I. finding. The most common muscle to show
the R.M.A.P.I. was the rectus abdominus. Nutritional support was needed by all
cases to correct these findings in this study that included adrenal support
with choline or adrenal tissue, and a low dosage of vitamin E from wheat germ
oil or octacosanol.
Conclusion: This study showed that the R.M.A.P.I.
phenomenon was a part of the adrenal stress syndrome. The mechanisms of this
connection should be studied further, and other clinical trials to demonstrate
the significance of this finding conducted.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2001-2002;1:181-182)
Key Indexing Terms: Muscles; Muscle Fatigue;
Physiological Processes; Adrenal Insufficiency; Treatment; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
