ICAK-USA
Research
The
Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology Research Papers Published in
the Collected Papers
of
the International College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 1987 (Summer)
--
Edited by Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
ROCK MUSIC – AN ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSOR
Bryan Baughman, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present a pilot-study on the effects of rock-n-roll music upon the MMT.
Clinical Features: Nineteen patients were selected who tested negative to the
following AK examination factors: MMT of the bilateral pectoralis major
clavicular division muscle; the emotional neurovascular test; the GV-27 and
CV-24 test for switching; the ocular lock test; and right and left brain
dysfunction test developed in AK.
Intervention and Outcome: In a treatment room 7 patients were exposed to the sounds of a
babbling brook, and 12 were exposed to a piece of rock-n-roll music called
“Sweet Leaf” by the group Black Sabbath. The doctor went to another room and
could not hear the two types of music were being played for the patients at the
same volume for 2 minutes. The control group exposed to the sound of a babbling
brook maintained their negative findings for the 5 tests. In the group exposed
to the song by Black Sabbath, 10 of the 12 patients showed a weakening response
to two or more of the tested factors.
Conclusion:
In this selected group of patients, physical tests of muscle weakness and
neurological disorganization appeared after exposure to rock-n-roll music.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer,
1987:51-57)
Key Indexing Terms: Acoustic Stimulation; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures;
Muscle Weakness; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied.
CATEGORY ONE AND LEG LENGTH CORRELATION
Daniel H. Duffy, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study on 500 subjects who showed AK
indications of the category I pelvic problem.
Clinical Features: 500 patients were analyzed as having the category I pelvic problem
according to AK diagnostic methods, including challenge and TL to the pelvis.
Intervention and Outcome: Sixty-eight of the 500 patients analyzed showed AK challenge for
the category I pelvis to be contrary to the leg length findings. In those
patients who reflected this finding, special care was undertaken to rule out
operator error and neurological switching. Examination of the patients after
category I correction involved first rib-head pain and symptom abatement.
Checking the leg length in the prone position and using the pelvic blocks for
the correction of the category I problem according to the observed leg length
imbalance was in error approximately 14% of the time.
Conclusion:
In terms of symptom response, in this study the use of the AK challenge method
for determining treatment of the category I pelvis was found to be superior
(instead of the traditional method of treating the problem according to leg
length inequality). Further comparative studies of these two types of diagnosis
of the common category I problem will be required. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer, 1987:142)
Key Indexing Terms: Pelvis; Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis; Cohort Studies;
Manipulation, Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
UNIVERSAL MUSCLE STRENGTH AND COPPER DEFICIENCY
Michael Lebowitz, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present three case reports of patients in whom all muscles were hypertonic
on MMT and whose muscles could not be sedated by any method, yet who responded
to copper supplementation.
Clinical Features: Patient 1 was a 40-year-old male who suffered from extreme
stiffness for 10 years, who had decreased ranges of motion in every direction
tested. Patient 2 was a 36-year-old male who had been in constant pain for 13
months, with low back and left-sided sciatica. Patient 3 was a 69-year-old male
who presented with an inability to rise from a seated position without locking
of his hip and he would be unable to begin walking for 30-120 seconds.
Intervention and Outcome: On AK examination all patients showed universal muscle strength
unresponsive to sedation techniques. In all 3 patients, putting a copper
supplement in the mouth (Coppomin, Nutridyne) allowed muscles to sedate using
spindle cell technique. All three patients, after a few days of copper
supplementation, made a good recovery.
Conclusion:
In this small patient sample, patients who showed all muscles hypertonic on MMT
were responsive to copper supplementation who then showed positive MMT findings
that led to the treatment that were corrected their conditions. Further
research into these observations is necessary. (Collected Papers International
College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer, 1987:211-213)
Key Indexing Terms: Copper; Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and
Nutrition; Treatment; Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied.
A PILOT STUDY INTO THE EFFECTS OF HOMOLATERAL AND CROSS
CRAWL EXERCISES ON MUSCLE STRENGTH
K.H. Maitland, B.App.Sc. (Chiro)
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study of the effect of homolateral and cross
crawl movements on MMT outcomes.
Clinical Features: At the School of Chiropractic -- Phillip Institute of Technology,
in Melbourne, Australia, 18 subjects were recruited. Three chiropractors
evaluated 6 subjects each after normal and abnormal gait movements (cross crawl
or homolateral crawl).
Intervention and Outcome: After the subjects had performed 10 repetitions of the gait
exercises the chiropractors began their testing. Eighty-nine percent (89%) of
the subjects weakened after homolateral crawl movements. One hundred percent
(100%) of the subjects (including the 89% who weakened after homolateral
movements) strengthened after cross crawl movements. Eight different types of
either cross crawl or homolateral crawl movements were tested, and showed an
average of 45% of the subjects weakening after homolateral crawl, and an
average of 69% of the subjects strengthening after cross crawl.
Conclusion:
This pilot study shows that homolateral and cross crawl patterning have no
statistically significant effect other than random effect. The authors offer
suggestions on changes in the study design for reevaluation of this hypothesis.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer,
1987:235-246)
INTER-PRACTITIONER RELIABILITY STUDY: AGREEMENT BETWEEN
EXAMINERS ON MUSCLE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS
K.H. Maitland, B.App.Sc. (Chiro), Miss M.
Davids, Miss L. Ruggiero
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To test the inter-examiner reliability of the MMT.
Clinical Features: At the School of Chiropractic -- Phillip Institute of Technology,
in Melbourne, Australia, forty subjects with limited knowledge of AK were
tested by 5 chiropractors with between 1 and 8 years experience with MMT and
AK.
Intervention and Outcome: Each subject was placed in separate rooms and each examiner tested
5 specified muscles on the right side of the subject. The muscles tested were
the tensor fascia lata, pectoralis major sternal division, tibialis anterior,
middle deltoid, and gluteus maximus. The examiners were blinded to the results
of previous testing. The following agreement levels among all 5 examiners for
each of the different muscles were reached: 78% agreement for the tensor fascia
lata; 77% agreement for the pectoralis major sternal division; 85% agreement
for the tibialis anterior; 75% agreement for the middle deltoid; and 80.5%
agreement for the gluteus maximus muscle. The overall average inter-examiner
reliability of the MMT for these muscles was 79.2%.
Conclusion:
This was a follow-up study to the study conducted by Drs. Mario Sabella,
Krawchuck and Decker (presented in this year’s ICAK Collected Papers
also) and showed a comparable level of inter-practitioner reliability. This
study demonstrates that a high level of reliability for the MMT exists even
among doctors with less than 20 years of experience. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer, 1987:247-255)
Key Indexing Terms: Reproducibility of Results; Muscle Weakness; Muscle
Strength; Diagnosis; Cohort Studies; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied.
HEAL HELPER UPDATE
William Maykel, D.C., John B. Manning, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study to determine the maximum permissible
heel elevation before ensuing muscle weakness occurs.
Clinical Features: In an attempt to discover when massive muscle weakness occurs after
lifting the heel with a wedge, a random sampling of 83 patients with various
physical problems ranging in age from 11 to 65 were tested with a Heal Helper
wedge that elevated the calcaneus bone.
Intervention and Outcome: Regardless of age, sex, or health problem, a definite range of heel
elevation was found that created muscle weakness on MMT. That range was found
to be between 1.5 inches to 3.25 inches, with a mean average of 2.42 inches.
Conclusion:
This measurement may be useful for patient management (especially in the
prescription of orthotic devices) because it provides a reference range to work
with. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer,
1987:257-260)
STUDY OF THE OPPONENS-CERVICAL RELATIONSHIP
Donald A. McDowall, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study on 100 patients who presented to a
chiropractic clinic over 1-week who had weakness of the opponens muscle, and to
determine the vertebral level involvement with this finding.
Clinical Features: A group of 100 patients were selected who showed a bilateral
weakness of the opponens muscles of the hands. Only one case of carpal tunnel
syndrome was present in this patient sample.
Intervention and Outcome: Each of these patients had strengthening of these muscles
bilaterally with TL to the C2 segment. Therapy localization was also applied to
the wrist, elbow, sacrum, and cervical C1-C2 area with movement. After
challenge of the C2 vertebra it was found that 44 of the patients had a
posterior C2 vertebral dysfunction, 42 of the patients had a spinous process
left vertebral dysfunction, and 14 of the patients had a spinous process right
vertebral dysfunction.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that the C2 vertebra is critical for the opponens muscle
function and that involvement of other neuropathies is negligible. (Collected
Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer, 1987:275-276)
Key Indexing Terms: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Spinal Injuries; Muscle
Weakness; Diagnosis; Cohort Studies; Therapeutics; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied.
AN INTER-EXAMINER RELIABILITY STUDY OF MANUAL MUSCLE
TESTING
Mario A. Sabella, D.C., Barry Decker, B.
App. Sc, Terry Krawchuk, B. App. Sc., Dean Lines, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present a blinded study to assess the inter-examiner reliability of the MMT.
Clinical Features: Five examiners (3 experienced and 2 less experienced in MMT) tested
5 muscles in 27 (17 male, 10 female) students at the Phillip Institute of
Technology Chiropractic and Physical Education schools. The students had
minimal or no exposure to MMT, and their ages ranged from 17 to 50 years. The
muscles tested were the tensor fascia lata, pectoralis major sternal division,
tibialis anterior, middle deltoid, and gluteus maximus.
Intervention and Outcome: The results of the MMT in this sample, when subjected to an
inferential test (Cochran’s Q test), were shown to be extremely significant at
the 0.001 level. The Cochran Q test was used because it generalizes the results
of the sample in this study to the total population.
Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that the reliability of the MMT between different
examiners, when subjected to an inferential test (Cochran’s Q test) is
extremely significant, with excellent reliability. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Summer, 1987:311-325)
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
Robert M. Blaich, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational and interventional cohort study to assess how the
correction of neurological disorganization affects the reading speed.
Clinical Features: One-hundred and thirty-seven participants at 6 post-graduate
chiropractic seminars were tested for their reading speed, in words per minute.
Intervention and Outcome: Each participant was treated to eliminate neurological
disorganization (ND), using an AK procedure (cranial fault correction).
Psychological reversal techniques were then diagnosed and treated. The
participants were pushed to read beyond their comfort zone after this stage,
and ND was again examined for and treated if found. The added demands of the
increased performance created ND in many of the participants, and its treatment
after this challenge improved their reading further. The average reading rate
of 137 participants after this series of AK treatments increased approximately
250% the original rate.
Conclusion:
Without a course in speed-reading 137 people increased their reading rate 250%
during a weekend seminar involving AK techniques to treat ND. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:7-25)
Key Indexing Terms: Reading; Task Performance and Analysis; Cohort
Studies; Treatment; Diagnosis; Manipulation, Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
INCIDENCE OF VARIOUS FAULTS IN A POPULATION OF ELITE
BICYCLISTS
Robert M. Blaich, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational and interventional cohort study of world class or
Olympic bicyclists to assess the incidence of various problems identified in AK
practice.
Clinical Features: Eighty-two world class or Olympic bicyclists were examined,
frequently during extended stage races or while training for major races.
Information is tabulated from over 300 patient visits. Due to the diversity of
symptoms and conditions of these elite athletes, no specific protocol was
followed for examination and treatment. The athletes were treated for clinical
effectiveness, not research purposes.
Intervention and Outcome: The following findings among the 82 athletes were found: category
II pelvic fault (58); cranial fault (43); cervical subluxation (43); psoas
weakness, one or both (43); category I (40); thoracic subluxation (33);
sartorius muscle weakness, adrenal related muscle (33); lumbar subluxation
(28); occiput fixation (24); upper cervical fixation (22); repeated muscle test
weakness (19); pectoralis major sternal division weakness, liver related (14);
lower thoracic fixation (13); retrograde lymphatic (12); quadriceps weakness
(12); homolateral crawl strength (9); infraspinatus weakness, thymus gland
related (9); hiatal hernia (8); tensor fascia lata weakness, cuboid subluxation
related (6); Pitch (5); Roll (5), cervical-dorsal fixation (4); Yaw (3).
Conclusion:
The category II pelvic fault is the most common single fault in this survey.
The high incidence of sartorius muscle weakness, related to the adrenal gland,
may be related to this. The high incidence of structural faults in this
population is thought to be due to the rigors of training and the crashes that
occur in this sport. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:27-30)
Key Indexing Terms: Athletic Injuries; Incidence; Cohort Studies;
Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis; Kinesiology, Applied
AN ATTEMPT TO QUANTIFY MUSCLE TESTING USING MERIDIAN THERAPY/ACUPUNCTURE TECHNIQUES
John M. Corneal, D.C., Randy Dick, M.S.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational study on the relationship between acupuncture
meridian sedation and muscle force using electromyographic measurements.
Clinical Features: In AK, a clinical relationship has been suggested between the
muscles of the body and the meridian system in traditional Chinese medicine.
The stomach meridian is associated in AK with the biceps brachaii and
brachioradialis muscles. Four subjects with no history of arm problems, with a
mean age of 31 years, and who were right-handed were tested for maximal
isometric elbow flexion on the right with an isometric test apparatus secured
to a table. The tests were made before and after sedation therapy for the
stomach meridian. Force produced, biceps EMG, and triceps EMG were recorded for
each subject. The elbow flexion was tested in the standardized MMT position for
the biceps muscle.
Intervention and Outcome: An acu-Aid was taped to stomach meridian’s sedation point (S-45) on
the second toe, and then isometric testing was performed. After a five-minute
rest period, a placebo (tape) was applied to the same location (subjects were
unable to distinguish between these two conditions), and isometric testing was
again performed. Subjects averaged 5.3% less force produced with the acu-Aid
applied than with the placebo. The acu-Aid appeared to have no effect on EMG
measurement.
Conclusion:
Sedation of the stomach meridian produced a significant reduction in bicep
force production as measured in an isometric elbow flexion test. Bicep EMG
demonstrated no relationship to the stomach meridian sedation. (Collected
Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:59-78)
Key Indexing Terms: Acupuncture Therapy; Acupuncture Points; Muscle
Weakness; Cohort Studies; Kinesiology, Applied
FISH FILLETERS SYNDROME
Hannes L. Hendrickson BChE, P.E., D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present the case of a fish filleter who suffered from right shoulder, elbow,
and wrist pain successfully managed with AK procedures.
Clinical Features: A 27-year-old male who had been a fish cutter for 10 years
presented with shoulder, elbow and wrist pain.
Intervention and Outcome: MMT examination found the latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and
supraspinatus muscles inhibited. Manipulative correction of the head of the
humerus, the proximal head of the radius, and lunate and navicular bones in the
wrist corrected the weaknesses of the muscles of the shoulder and restored
normal function to the arm and wrist.
Conclusion:
Correction of shoulder, elbow, and arm dysfunction rapidly improved this
patient’s arm pain. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:123-129)
THE FREQUENCY OF THREE COMMON CRANIAL FAULTS
James D.W. Hogg, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study to assess the frequency of three
cranial faults in a convenience sample.
Clinical Features: The cohort group’s inclusion criteria for this study were that the
subjects exhibited any of the respiratory, cruciate or sagittal suture cranial
faults. The AK method of diagnosis for these problems was used. Two-hundred and
sixty-five patients were evaluated.
Intervention and Outcome: The following statistics express the positive cranial findings
found in 265 patients: 262 (99%) inspiratory assist; 17 (6%) cruciate suture
TL; 128 (48%) cruciate suture challenge; 24 (24%) sagittal suture fault showing
before cruciate suture correction; 46 (46%) sagittal suture cranial fault
showing only after cruciate suture correction. Additional statistical
observations were made: 49% of the patients showed a cruciate suture fault, and
18% a sagittal suture fault, when an inspiratory assist fault was present. The
sagittal suture cranial fault was present 55% of the time when the cruciate
suture fault was present. The sagittal suture cranial fault was present 66% of
the time only after the cruciate suture fault was corrected. The cruciate
suture cranial fault was also present 100% of the time after direct challenge.
Conclusion:
Statistically in this cohort study, the cruciate suture cranial fault should be
examined by challenge, after which several other cranial faults will be
diagnosed. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
Winter, 1987:141-144)
Key Indexing Terms: Cranial Sutures; Cohort Studies; Manipulation,
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE ZINC TALLY TEST, GAMMA-2 MUSCLE
TESTING, KININ MEDIATED ALLERGIES, AND PRE-TEST IMAGING
Michael Lebowitz, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study to assess the correlation between the
zinc tally test and gamma-2 MMT for zinc levels. The relationship between
pre-test imaging, kinin mediated allergies, and zinc levels were also
described.
Clinical Features: One hundred patients were selected who demonstrated the so-called
gamma-2 MMT finding (patient-initiated MMT). These patients were given the zinc
tally test; then tested with the diagnostic procedure called pre-test imaging;
cholecystokinin (CCK) was orally insalivated to see if it caused universal
muscle weakness; finally a zinc solution was given to the patients and the
gamma-2 MMT finding was retested. The most common cause of kinin-mediated
allergies is hypothesized to be a zinc deficiency.
Intervention and Outcome: On the zinc tally, grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 levels were found in 16,
63, 17, and 4 of the patients. Of the grade 1 (most severely deficient in zinc)
patients, all 16 (100%) showed strengthening of the gamma-2 test with
insalivation of a zinc mixture, and 6 (37.5%) of these patients showed
weakening on insalivation of CCK. Of the grade 2 patients, 26 (41%) showed
strengthening with insalivation of zinc, and 12 (19%) showed weakening on
insalivation of CCK. Patients with grades 3 and 4 on the zinc tally showed no
response to oral zinc on gamma-2 testing, nor did they show response to CCK. Of
the 100 patients screened, 43 showed positive pre-test imaging, with the
greatest percentages found with patients who had a grade 1 and 2 zinc tallies.
In the pre-test imaging procedure, it is hypothesized that if a weak muscle
becomes strong after the patient imagines performing the test, this indicates
the patient has one or more cranial faults.
Conclusion:
From these statistics it appears that if zinc levels are adequate on the zinc
tally test, a kinin-mediated allergy will not develop and that the number of
cranial faults diagnosed with pre-test imaging is reduced. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:145-151)
A COMPARISON BETWEEN KOENIGSBURG’S TEST FOR URINARY
CHLORIDES, SULKOWITCH TEST FOR URINARY CALCIUM EXCRETION, AND GAMMA-2 MUSCLE
TESTING
Michael Lebowitz, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study to assess the correlations between the
Koenigsburg and Sulkowitch tests and AK MMT findings.
Clinical Features: The Koenigsburg and Sulkowitch urinary tests were performed on 50
patients. The Sulkowitch test for urinary calcium excretion was tested on the
50 patients, and given grades 1-4, with 1 showing no calcium in the urine
(“deficient in calcium”), and 4 showing adequate calcium in the urine. The
Koenigsburg test for urinary chlorides is a screening test for adrenal
function, with values less than 17 showing hyperadrenia, greater than 25
showing hypoadrenia, and greater than 50 or less than 17 showing the exhaustion
stage of adrenal function.
Intervention and Outcome: For the Sulkowitch test, 22 patients showed grade 1 and 7 showed
grade 2 (calcium deficiency indicated). In all 29 patients, insalivation of
calcium produced a strengthening of a weak gamma-2 MMT (patient-initiated MMT).
Twenty-one patients showed grades 3 and 4, and only 1 patient showed
strengthening after insalivation of calcium. For the Koenigsburg test, 29
patients showed hypoadrenia on the test and TL to the neurolymphatic reflex for
the adrenal produced a strengthening of a weak-gamma-2 MMT. For 14 patients who
had normal Koenigsburg test results, only 2 of 14 patients showed strengthening
with TL to the NL for the adrenal glands. For 7 patients with hyperadrenia, 2
patients showed strengthening with TL to the NL for the adrenal glands.
Conclusion:
Overall agreement between gamma-2 MMT and the Sulkowitch and Koenigsburg tests
was 96.8% and indicates the accuracy of this technique. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:167-171)
Key Indexing Terms: Adrenal Cortex Function Tests; Calcium Metabolism Disorders;
Cohort Studies; Diagnosis; Kinesiology, Applied
BIOTYPES AND ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID REQUIREMENTS
Philip B. Maffetone, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study showing the relationship between
biotypes and essential fatty acid (EFA) needs in patients.
Clinical Features: Two body types were included in this study, the endomorph (heavy
physique, typical of the Eskimo), and the ectomorph (tall and slender body
type). Forty-one patient files were reviewed which met the following criteria,
1) the patient was either a dominant ectomorph or a dominant endomorph, based
on anatomical features, and 2) the patient also showed a need for EFA
supplementation using AK evaluation methods.
Intervention and Outcome: Of the 41 patients, 19 were endomorphs, and 17 required omega-3 EFA
(fish or linseed oil) supplementation, and 2 required omega-6 EFA (currant seed
or primrose oil). Of the 41 patients, 22 were ectomorphs, and 4 required
omega-3 EFA, and 18 required omega-6 EFA.
Conclusion:
In this observational cohort study, the endomorphic body type predominantly
required omega-3 EFAs, and the ectomorphic body type predominantly required the
omega-6 EFAs. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
Winter, 1987:173-177)
“THE SLEEPING TMJ”
Gerald J. Polino, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present a case report of a patient with TMJ dysfunction successfully treated
with AK therapies.
Clinical Features: A 26-year-old female presents with a primary complaint of awakening
with debilitating temporal headaches along with cervical tension and stiffness.
The patient had been treated 6 times with the usual AK procedures, with only
limited results. The patient was referred to a dental TMJ specialist who
observed considerable dental deterioration due to bruxism and she was fitted
with a M.O.R.A. splint. This reduced the intensity of her symptoms, however,
only by 40% in the patient’s estimation. On subsequent visits, the TMJ and
cranium were tested as problem free despite the continuing symptoms.
Intervention and Outcome: On a subsequent visit the patient was examined in the usual fashion
and found to be problem free. However, when she was tested in the normal manner
with her eyes closed, several TMJ problems were found and corrected. Two visits
later the patient was asymptomatic, and her dentist withdrew the appliance. She
was no longer bruxing at night, and her energy level was much improved.
Conclusion:
In this difficult TMJ case involving nighttime bruxism, the use of AK
diagnostic methods while the patient had her eyes closed during the testing
allowed for the treatment that resulted in her recovery. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:195-198)
Key Indexing Terms: Temporomandibular Joint; Headache; Stomatognathic System;
Diagnosis; Treatment; Case Reports; Manipulation, Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
AN INVESTIGATION OF APPLIED KINESIOLOGY’S MANUAL MUSCLE
TESTING BY THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED FORCE-PLATE ANALYSIS
Dean Raffelock, D.C., DIBAK
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present an observational cohort study of tennis players with a history of
knee injury and ongoing pain, and to assess with a computerized force plate the
effects of AK neuromuscular spindle (NMS) cell treatment.
Clinical Features: Five tennis players with knee pain were selected who respectively
showed MMT weakness of a lower extremity muscle. Using the computerized force
plate pre-treatment, the instrument measured the vertical force during the MMT
of the patient (the examiner’s force lifting off the plate), the lateral force
(the examiner’s force moving laterally), and the anterior to posterior force
(the examiner’s force moving in anterior or posterior direction).
Intervention and Outcome: After treatment to dysfunctional NMS cells found in these muscles
by AK methods, there was a significant increase in the force of the examiner
vertically lifting off of the force plate during the MMT. After treatment of
the same NMS cell to make the muscle weaker, there was also a consistent and
substantial weakening of the forces involved in the MMT.
Conclusion:
This study seems to indicate that after AK treatment to NMS cells of inhibited
muscles during the MMT, that the muscle’s ability to lift the examiner
vertically off the force plate increased after the NMS procedure. (Collected
Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:213-230)
MAKING B-6 WORK: ACTIVATING PYRIDOXINE TO PYRIDOXAL-5-PHOSPHATE
Walter H. Schmitt, Jr., D.C., DIBAK
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present 2 cases with diverse symptoms that successfully responded to AK
therapy when the activated for of vitamin B-6 was supplemented.
Clinical Features: B-6 functions in the body in an activated form as
pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P), and the activation of B-6 to P-5-P depends on
magnesium, zinc, riboflavin, and phosphorus. One of vitamin B-6’s functions is
the processing of ammonia molecules, and this function may be assessed by
having the patient sniff a source of unscented ammonia. In the first patient,
six months after beginning oral contraceptives, a woman began to suffer from
low back pain, water retention, and depression. The second patient, a
50-year-old man with a mild, but chronic L-5/S-1 disc protrusion, responds only
temporarily to treatment, but remains symptomatic.
Intervention and Outcome: In the first patient a weak muscle was strengthened with
insalivation of P-5-P. The patient also shows generalized weakening of all her
muscles when she sniffs ammonia, and this is neutralized by P-5-P. The patient
also has strengthening of a weak muscle with insalivation of riboflavin and
magnesium. The patient took these supplements until her next visit. On her next
office visit, she was improved in all symptoms. The second patient also shows
generalized muscle weakness when he sniffs ammonia, which is corrected with
insalivation of P-5-P. A weak psoas muscle strengthens with insalivation of
zinc and riboflavin (necessary to convert B-6 to its activated form). In one
week the patient begins to make continued progress.
Conclusion:
In these two cases, vitamin B-6 deficiencies were thought to be contributing to
their symptoms. The use of nutrients to activate B-6 in the body helped
stabilize these patients’ AK corrections. The ammonia sniff test helped
diagnose the nutrients required in these two cases. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:249-258)
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL TESTING
David S. Walther, D.C., DIBAK
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To present the method of testing nutrition generally accepted by members of the
ICAK and supported by the organization.
Clinical Features: Observing the change in muscle function after a patient chews or
sucks on nutrition is a frequently used method of nutritional testing in AK.
The ICAK has taken the stand that evaluating nutritional needs by testing
muscle function should only be done when the patient stimulates the gustatory
receptors with the substance being tested.
Intervention and Outcome: This paper emphasizes the reasons individual patient consideration
should be done, and that the method must be correlated with other means of
nutritional need diagnosis. The effects on the body from gustatory stimulation
are discussed, as well as some of the neurologic pathways of the gustatory
system.
Conclusion:
More basic research, properly designed, is needed to further understand the
mechanisms at work in AK nutritional testing. (Collected Papers International
College of Applied Kinesiology, Winter, 1987:295-388)
